The Legal Consequences of Tourism Development Moratorium Policies in Bali: Balancing Investment, Environmental Protection, and Community Rights
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65815/esnxab25Keywords:
Tourism moratorium, Bali, tourism policy, environmental justice, investment regulationAbstract
Tourism development moratoriums represent an increasingly important policy instrument for destinations experiencing environmental pressure, infrastructure constraints, and rapid commercialization. In Bali, restrictions on new tourism development raise complex questions concerning the balance between investment interests, environmental sustainability, and the rights of local communities. This article examines the legal and distributive consequences of tourism development moratorium policies in Bali. Using normative juridical and policy analysis, the study evaluates the legal basis, institutional authority, implementation mechanisms, and social consequences of tourism development restrictions. The research argues that a moratorium should not be understood merely as an investment-control mechanism but as a potential instrument of environmental and social justice. Its legitimacy depends on transparent criteria, consistent enforcement, protection against selective exemptions, and meaningful participation by affected communities. The article proposes a justice-based framework for tourism moratorium policies incorporating environmental carrying capacity, community interests, regulatory transparency, and equitable treatment of investors and residents. Particular attention is given to whether restrictions effectively reduce tourism-related pressure or merely redirect investment toward less regulated areas. The study concludes that carefully designed moratorium policies can support sustainable tourism governance when they are implemented as part of a broader destination management strategy rather than as temporary administrative restrictions.
Downloads
References
Anom, I Gusti Ngurah, Lis Julianti, and I Gusti Ayu Vina Widiadnya Putri. 2022. “The Role of Kerobokan Customary Village in Utilizing Land for Investment in Tourism Area Based on Local Wisdom.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 11 (3).
Asih, Sumerti, Nyoman Sri Ratnawati, and I Wayan Wirawan. 2021. “Foreign Investment Policy in Traditional Village-Based Tourism Development in Bali Province.” Jurnal Kajian dan Terapan Pariwisata 1 (2). https://doi.org/10.53356/diparojs.v1i2.35.
Baggio, Rodolfo, Rinaldo Sainaghi, and Michael Maurer. 2021. “Destination Governance in Times of Change: A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective to Improve Tourism Destination Development.” Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-11-2020-0213.
Blanco-Romero, Asunción, Macià Blázquez-Salom, and Robert Fletcher. 2023. “Fair vs. Fake Touristic Degrowth.” Tourism Geographies.
Dolezal, Claudia, and Marina Novelli. 2022. “Power in Community-Based Tourism: Empowerment and Partnership in Bali.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 30 (10): 2352–2370. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1838527.
Fletcher, Robert, Ivan Murray Mas, Asunción Blanco-Romero, and Macià Blázquez-Salom. 2019. “Tourism and Degrowth: An Emerging Agenda for Research and Praxis.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1679822.
Fukushi, K., et al. 2020. “Identifying Land Use and Land Cover Change from 2000 to 2025 Driven by Tourism Growth: A Study Case in Bali.” ISPRS Archives 43-B3: 1621–1628.
Gispert, Octavi Bono i, and Salvador Anton Clavé. 2020. “Dimensions and Models of Tourism Governance in a Tourism System: The Experience of Catalonia.” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 17: 100465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100465.
Jamal, Tazim, and James Higham. 2021. “Justice and Ethics: Towards a New Platform for Tourism and Sustainability.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29 (2–3). https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1835933.
Juniawati, Gaek Raka. 2022. “Dampak Investasi Pariwisata terhadap Fungsi Permukiman di Ubud Bali: Transformasi Keruangan, Sosial dan Ekonomi.” Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning 6 (3): 276–286. https://doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2022.6.3.276-286.
Kirani, Dewi Anindya. 2025. “Tourism and Environmental Justice: The Displacement of Coastal Communities for Resort Development in Indonesia.” Indonesian Tourism Justice Review.
Kurniawan, Wawan. 2024. “Tourism and Environmental Justice: The Role of Policy in Protecting Indonesia’s Natural Heritage.” Indonesian Tourism Justice Review.
Maharani, Ida Ayu Galih Pramesti, and Ni Wayan Rainy Priadarsini. 2025. “Investasi Asing dalam Industri Pariwisata Bali: Sebuah Pandangan Terkait Praktik New Imperialism Bagi Kearifan Lokal.” Wacana: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Interdisiplin 12 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.37304/wacana.v12i1.17402.
Milano, Claudio, Joseph M. Cheer, and Marina Novelli. 2019. “Overtourism: Excesses, Discontents and Measures in Travel and Tourism.” Tourism Planning & Development 16 (1): 1–5.
Muler González, Virginia, Laura Coromina, and Núria Galí. 2018. “Overtourism: Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism Impact as an Indicator of Resident Social Carrying Capacity—Case Study of a Spanish Heritage Town.” Tourism Review 73 (3): 277–296. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0138.
Palguna, I Dewa Gede, Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Made Maharta Yasa, and I Gede Pasek Pramana. 2023. “Towards Quality and Sustainable Tourism in Bali: Should the Regional Master Plan Be Adjusted?” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2023.v07.i01.p03.
Parmita, I Ketut Agus Giri, Ida Bagus Gde Pujaastawa, and I Wayan Suwena. 2022. “Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pengembangan Desa Wisata Tampaksiring di Kabupaten Gianyar, Bali.” Sunari Penjor: Journal of Anthropology 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.24843/SP.2022.v6.i01.p02.
Pravitasari, Anindita E., et al. 2018. “Changes in Gross Primary Production (GPP) over the Past Two Decades Due to Land Use Conversion in a Tourism City.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7 (2): 57.
Putri, I Dewa Ayu Ratna Raksa Eka, I Wayan Gede Astawa Karang, and Ni Luh Putu Ria Puspitha. 2020. “Daya Dukung Kawasan Wisata Pantai di Pantai Pandawa Kecamatan Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung, Bali.” Journal of Marine Research and Technology 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.24843/JMRT.2020.v03.i01.p04.
Rastegar, Raymond. 2020. “Tourism and Justice: Rethinking the Role of Governments.” Annals of Tourism Research 85: 102884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102884.
Roxas, Fernando Martin Y., John Paolo R. Rivera, and Eylla Laire M. Gutierrez. 2020. “Mapping Stakeholders’ Roles in Governing Sustainable Tourism Destinations.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 45: 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.09.005.
Segara, Ida Ayu Agung Adnyawati. 2019. “Land Conversion Versus Subak: How Bali’s Face Gradually Changing Throughout History.” Bali Tourism Journal 3 (1).
Suryarwan, I Nengah Pasek, and Faisal Santiago. 2025. “The Impact of the Moratory Policy on Hotel and Villa Development on Investment in Bali Tourism Development.” Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia 3 (2).
Wardana, Agung. 2020. “Neoliberalizing Cultural Landscapes: Bali’s Agrarian Heritage.” Critical Asian Studies 52 (2): 270–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2020.1714459.
Wardana, I Made, I Putu Gde Sukaatmadja, Ni Wayan Ekawati, Ni Nyoman Kerti Yasa, I Putu Astawa, and Made Setini. 2020. “Policy Models for Improving Ecotourism Performance to Build Quality Tourism Experience and Sustainable Tourism.” Management Science Letters 11 (2): 595–608. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.9.007.
Warren, Carol, and Agung Wardana. 2018. “Sustaining the Unsustainable? Environmental Impact Assessment and Overdevelopment in Bali.” Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 21 (2): 101–125. https://doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2018.02.02.
Yudha, I Made Endra Kartika, and Made Suyana Utama. 2020. “Budaya dan Willingness to Accept (WTA) Kompensasi atas Alih Fungsi Lahan Pertanian di Kabupaten Gianyar: Kasus Banjar Bangkiansidem, Desa Kliki, Tegalalang.” E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana 9 (8). https://doi.org/10.24843/EEB.2020.v09.i08.p05.
Legal Sources
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang, sebagaimana telah diubah melalui peraturan perundang-undangan terkait.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, sebagaimana telah diubah melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang Kepariwisataan, sebagaimana telah diubah terakhir melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2025.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang.
Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2025 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko.
Provinsi Bali. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi Bali Tahun 2023–2043.
Provinsi Bali. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 tentang Haluan Pembangunan Bali Masa Depan, 100 Tahun Bali Era Baru 2025–2125.
Provinsi Bali. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 7 Tahun 2024 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah Semesta Berencana Provinsi Bali Tahun 2025–2045.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal or the authors’ affiliated institutions. Authors retain copyrights without any restriction under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
