Anti-Plagiarism Policy

The Indonesian Court and Justice Review (ICJR) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity and originality. Plagiarism, in any form, is considered a serious violation of scholarly ethics and is not tolerated by the journal.

This Anti-Plagiarism Policy applies to all manuscripts submitted to ICJR, including manuscripts submitted for regular issues and Special Issues.

1. Definition of Plagiarism

For the purposes of this policy, plagiarism refers to the use of another person's words, ideas, arguments, analysis, data, research findings, or other intellectual contributions without appropriate acknowledgment or attribution.

Plagiarism may occur in both published and unpublished materials and may be intentional or unintentional. Authors are responsible for ensuring that all sources used in their manuscripts are properly acknowledged.

Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:

  • direct copying of text without quotation and proper citation;

  • substantial copying or reproduction of another author's work;

  • presenting another person's ideas, arguments, analysis, or conclusions as one's own;

  • inappropriate or misleading paraphrasing;

  • failure to acknowledge the source of a distinctive argument or intellectual contribution;

  • unauthorized reproduction of tables, figures, datasets, or other original materials;

  • translation plagiarism, including translating another author's work without appropriate attribution;

  • plagiarism of legal analysis or judicial reasoning;

  • appropriation or misrepresentation of legal arguments, doctrinal analysis, or original interpretations; and

  • substantial reuse of one's own previously published material without appropriate disclosure or attribution.

2. Plagiarism in Legal Scholarship

Because ICJR focuses on courts, judicial institutions, legal systems, and justice, particular attention is given to the proper attribution of legal and judicial sources.

Authors must accurately acknowledge the sources of:

  • judicial decisions and judgments;

  • constitutional and statutory provisions;

  • regulations and government documents;

  • legal doctrines and principles;

  • judicial reasoning;

  • legal arguments developed by other scholars;

  • case analyses;

  • empirical or institutional data;

  • official reports; and

  • other original legal or scholarly materials.

The use of statutes, regulations, court decisions, and other public legal materials does not generally constitute plagiarism merely because the materials are publicly accessible. However, authors must provide accurate citations and must not misrepresent another person's interpretation, analysis, or presentation of those materials as their own.

3. Similarity Screening

All manuscripts submitted to ICJR may undergo plagiarism and textual-similarity screening using appropriate similarity-detection software.

Similarity screening may be conducted:

  • during the initial editorial assessment;

  • before peer review;

  • during the revision process; and/or

  • before final acceptance and publication.

The journal does not apply a single similarity-percentage threshold as an automatic basis for determining plagiarism.

A similarity report is an initial screening instrument rather than a final determination of misconduct. Editors will assess the nature, location, extent, and context of the identified similarities.

Legitimate similarities may include, among other things:

  • properly quoted material;

  • references and bibliographic entries;

  • titles of statutes, regulations, and judicial decisions;

  • standard legal terminology;

  • commonly used methodological expressions;

  • names of legal instruments and institutions; and

  • other unavoidable technical or legal language.

Accordingly, a high similarity percentage does not automatically establish plagiarism, while a low similarity percentage does not necessarily exclude plagiarism.

4. Author Responsibility

Authors are ultimately responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts are original and properly acknowledge all sources.

Before submission, authors should:

  • verify all quotations and citations;

  • distinguish clearly between their own arguments and those derived from previous scholarship;

  • provide appropriate attribution when paraphrasing;

  • obtain permission where required for copyrighted materials;

  • disclose substantial overlap with their previous publications; and

  • verify the accuracy and completeness of references.

Authors should not rely solely on plagiarism-detection software to determine whether a manuscript complies with academic integrity standards.

5. Self-Plagiarism and Redundant Publication

ICJR recognizes that authors may legitimately develop research previously presented in another academic context. However, substantial reuse of previously published text, analysis, data, or findings without appropriate disclosure may constitute self-plagiarism or redundant publication.

Authors must disclose substantial overlap between the submitted manuscript and:

  • previously published journal articles;

  • books or book chapters;

  • conference proceedings;

  • working papers;

  • dissertations or theses;

  • preprints; or

  • other publicly accessible scholarly works.

The Editor will determine whether the overlap represents legitimate scholarly development or inappropriate duplication.

Where substantial previously published material is reused, authors must provide appropriate attribution and, where applicable, obtain the necessary permissions.

6. Translation Plagiarism

Translation of another author's work does not make the underlying intellectual contribution original.

Authors who translate previously published material, including legal scholarship, judicial analysis, or other academic work, must appropriately acknowledge the original source and comply with applicable copyright requirements.

Submitting a translated version of another person's work as an original manuscript without attribution constitutes plagiarism.

7. Plagiarism and Artificial Intelligence

The use of artificial intelligence or generative AI tools does not exempt authors from responsibility for originality and proper attribution.

Authors must not use AI systems to:

  • reproduce another author's work without attribution;

  • paraphrase or disguise plagiarized material;

  • fabricate references or sources;

  • generate false quotations;

  • misrepresent the source of legal arguments;

  • reproduce judicial decisions or legal analysis without appropriate attribution; or

  • circumvent plagiarism-detection or academic-integrity requirements.

Authors remain fully responsible for verifying the originality, accuracy, citations, and sources contained in their manuscripts.

Where AI-assisted tools have been used in a manner that requires disclosure under the journal's AI policy, authors must provide the appropriate disclosure.

8. Procedures for Suspected Plagiarism

Where plagiarism or substantial inappropriate textual overlap is suspected, the Editor may take one or more of the following actions:

  1. request an explanation from the author;

  2. request clarification regarding the sources and extent of overlap;

  3. request a revised manuscript where the issue is minor and appears to result from inadequate attribution;

  4. conduct additional similarity or source verification;

  5. refer the matter to another editor or independent expert;

  6. reject the manuscript;

  7. notify the author's institution where serious misconduct is suspected or established; or

  8. take appropriate post-publication action where plagiarism is identified after publication.

The action taken will depend on the seriousness, extent, nature, and circumstances of the suspected plagiarism.

9. Plagiarism Identified Before Publication

If plagiarism is identified before publication, the manuscript may be:

  • returned to the author for clarification or correction;

  • rejected immediately where substantial plagiarism is established; or

  • referred for further investigation where the circumstances are unclear.

Serious or deliberate plagiarism may result in rejection regardless of the stage of the editorial process.

10. Plagiarism Identified After Publication

If substantial plagiarism is discovered after an article has been published, ICJR will assess the evidence and may take appropriate corrective action.

Depending on the circumstances, the journal may issue:

  • a correction;

  • an editorial notice;

  • an expression of concern; or

  • a retraction.

Where appropriate, the journal may notify the relevant institution or other responsible body.

Any retraction or correction will be clearly identified and linked to the original article in order to maintain the integrity and transparency of the scholarly record.

11. Due Process and Confidentiality

Allegations of plagiarism will be handled fairly, confidentially, and in accordance with recognized publication-ethics principles.

The journal will not publicly accuse an author of plagiarism before sufficient evidence has been obtained and evaluated.

Authors will normally be given an opportunity to respond to substantive allegations before a final editorial determination is made, except where immediate action is necessary to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.

12. Editorial and Reviewer Responsibilities

Editors and reviewers share responsibility for identifying potential plagiarism.

Reviewers who identify substantial similarity, unattributed material, or possible plagiarism should confidentially notify the Editor and provide relevant evidence or sources where available.

Reviewers must not publicly discuss allegations or contact the author directly regarding suspected plagiarism unless instructed by the Editor.

Editors will assess allegations independently and may use appropriate plagiarism-detection tools and source verification.

13. Relationship to Publication Ethics

This Anti-Plagiarism Policy forms part of ICJR's broader Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement.

The policy is informed by internationally recognized publication-ethics principles, including the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Core Practices and the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing developed by COPE, DOAJ, OASPA, and WAME.

The journal may update this policy when international standards of academic integrity and scholarly publishing evolve.

14. Final Statement

ICJR considers originality, proper attribution, and intellectual honesty fundamental requirements for publication.

Submission of a manuscript to ICJR constitutes the author's confirmation that the manuscript is original, that sources have been appropriately acknowledged, and that the work does not contain plagiarism or other forms of academic misconduct.

Where plagiarism is established, the journal will take proportionate and appropriate action to protect the integrity of the scholarly record and uphold the standards of responsible academic publishing.