Nahdlatul Ulama and the Palestinian Question: Religious Authority, Humanitarian Solidarity, and Indonesian Public Discourse
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65815/d18f8n45Keywords:
Nahdlatul Ulama, Palestine, religious authority, humanitarianism, Indonesian societyAbstract
The Palestinian issue occupies an important position within Indonesian Muslim public discourse, with major Islamic organizations contributing to debates concerning humanitarianism, international justice, and religious solidarity. This article examines the role of Nahdlatul Ulama in shaping Indonesian perspectives on Palestine. Using qualitative institutional and discourse analysis, the study examines organizational statements, religious discourse, humanitarian initiatives, and public engagement. The article argues that Nahdlatul Ulama's position illustrates the complex role of religious organizations in connecting Islamic moral principles with Indonesia's foreign policy traditions and humanitarian commitments. Palestine-related discourse is not limited to theological solidarity but also encompasses questions of civilian protection, international law, peace, and humanitarian assistance. The study analyzes how religious authority influences public understanding of the Palestinian conflict while also considering the organization's emphasis on moderation and peaceful engagement. The article proposes that Indonesian Islamic organizations can contribute to international humanitarian discourse by combining religious legitimacy with evidence-based advocacy and humanitarian principles. The study concludes that Nahdlatul Ulama represents an important intermediary between religious values, civil society, and Indonesian public discourse concerning Palestine.
References
Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. 2011. “Religious Leaders in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: From Violent Incitement to Nonviolence Resistance.” Peace & Change 36 (4): 556–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2011.00719.x.
Andriansyah, Yuli. 2024. “Humanitarian Aid from the Islamic Mass Organizations in Indonesia to Palestine.” Millah: Journal of Religious Studies 23 (2). https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol23.iss2.editorial.
Aswar, Hasbi, Ulya Nuril Fajri, and Jalaluddin Rizqi Mulia. 2025. “United for Justice: Global Muslim Group’s Responses to the Israeli Occupation in Palestine.” Journal of Islamic World and Politics 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v9i1.177.
Bachtiar, Hasnan, Muneerah Razak, and Soni Zakaria. 2021. “Indonesian Progressive Muslims and the Discourse of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace: Soekarno’s, Abdurrahman Wahid’s and Ahmad Syafii Maarif’s Thoughts.” Journal of Social Studies 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.21831/jss.v17i1.34843.
Baidhowi, Baidhowi, Yustina Dhian Novita, and Ridwan Arifin. 2025. “Between Religion and Human Rights: Interfaith Responses to the Palestinian Question in Indonesia.” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society. https://doi.org/10.65815/g0z0en73.
Baraya, Mohd Fuad, and Zaki Nuruddin Zangki. 2025. “Palestinian Struggles in Indonesian Pulpits: A Discourse Analysis of Friday Sermons.” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society. https://doi.org/10.65815/qq0ey106.
Cox, Brian, and Daniel Philpott. 2003. “Faith-Based Diplomacy: An Ancient Idea Newly Emergent.” Brandywine Review of Faith & International Affairs 1 (2): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435725.2003.9523161.
Darajat, Zakiya. 2016. “Muhammadiyah dan NU: Penjaga Moderatisme Islam di Indonesia.” Hayula: Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies. https://doi.org/10.21009/hayula.001.1.05.
Fuadi, Moh Ashif. 2022. “Tradisi Pemikiran Moderasi Beragama Nahdlatul Ulama.” Al-Fikra: Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman 21 (1). https://doi.org/10.24014/af.v21i1.16692.
Haynes, Jeffrey. 2011. “Religious Transnational Actors and Global Politics.” Third World Quarterly 32 (8): 1445–1460.
Johnstone, Naomi, and Isak Svensson. 2013. “Belligerents and Believers: Exploring Faith-Based Mediation in Internal Armed Conflicts.” Politics, Religion & Ideology 14 (4): 557–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2013.829046.
Kaslam, Kaslam. 2024. “Solidaritas Global: Gerakan Kemanusiaan untuk Palestina di Indonesia.” Jurnal Ushuluddin: Media Dialog Pemikiran Islam 26 (1). https://doi.org/10.24252/jumdpi.v26i1.45592.
Kholilullah, Muhammad Ibrahim. 2025. “Public Solidarity and National Identity: The Role of Palestinian Issues in Indonesian Civic Movements.” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society. https://doi.org/10.65815/qp6fwc54.
Kustanto, Bambang. 2025. “The Role of Indonesian NGOs in Palestine Advocacy: From Humanitarian Aid to Policy Campaigns.” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society. https://doi.org/10.65815/9nw1ve42.
Marsden, Lee. 2014. “Faith-Based Diplomacy: Conservative Evangelicals and the United States Military.” Politics and Religion 7 (3): 475–498. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048313000497.
Menchik, Jeremy. 2019. “Moderate Muslims and Democratic Breakdown in Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review 43 (3): 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2019.1627286.
Mudhofi, M., and Abdul Karim. 2024. “Transformation of New Media in Aswaja al-Nahdliyyah Da'wah: Strategies and Challenges in the Contestation of Religious Authority in Indonesia.” Islamic Communication Journal 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.21580/icj.2024.9.1.22071.
Musyarrofah, Umi, and Zulhannan. 2023. “Religious Moderation in the Discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s Dakwah in the Era of Industry 4.0.” Millah: Journal of Religious Studies 22 (2). https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol22.iss2.art5.
Pektas, Serafettin. 2021. “A Comparative Analysis of Three Sunni Muslim Organizations on ‘Moderate’ and ‘Radical’ Islam in Egypt, Morocco and Indonesia.” Religion 51 (2): 190–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1868383.
Prakoso, Zidan Arjuna, and Elvan Malik Haryanto. 2024. “Indonesia’s Muslim Majority and the Palestinian Cause: A Study of Religious and Political Mobilization.” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society 1 (1). https://doi.org/10.65815/xkg3mw50.
Pratama, Bagas Arga, Rangga Damar Wibisana, and Siti Nabila Farhana binti Mohd Azlan. 2024. “The Use of the Palestinian Issue in Indonesian Electoral Politics: Symbolism or Sincerity?” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society. https://doi.org/10.65815/hg2n9895.
Pribadi, Yanwar. 2022. “Indonesia’s Islamic Networks in Germany: The Nahdlatul Ulama in Campaigning Islam Nusantara and Enacting Religious Agency.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 42 (1): 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2022.2064056.
Rahmadani, Naura Nur, and Kayla Qolbun Mubiina. 2025. “Palestine as a Symbol of Justice: Identity, Faith, and Resistance in Indonesian Muslim Narratives.” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society. https://doi.org/10.65815/armpdq96.
Rahman, Jasmine Hasna Nafila. 2025. “Who Speaks for Nahdlatul Ulama? Representation, Legitimacy, and the Politics of Claim-Making in the 2024 Presidential Election.” PCD Journal 12 (2): 377–414. https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.v12i2.16732.
Ronaldi, Abon, Abdul Rahim Saidek, and Wiji Lestari. 2023. “New Media as an Ideological Transmission Opportunity for Religious Authorities in Indonesia.” Jurnal Indo-Islamika 13 (2). https://doi.org/10.15408/jii.v13i2.33667.
Sofea, Aina, and Ahmad Fawzy. 2024. “Indonesia’s Solidarity with Palestine: The Role of Public Opinion and Grassroots Movements in Shaping Foreign Policy.” Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society. https://doi.org/10.65815/fm54ca14.
Suaedy, Ahmad, Fariz Alnizar, Juri Ardiantoro, and Said Aqil Siroj. 2023. “Language, Authority, and Digital Media: The Impact on the Legitimacy of Fatwas.” AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 23 (1). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i1.28875.
Troy, Jodok. 2008. “Faith-Based Diplomacy under Examination.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 3 (3): 209–228.
Utama, Virdika Rizky. 2024. “Nahdlatul Ulama’s Strategic Role in Shaping Indonesian Foreign Policy.” Muslim Politics Review 3 (2): 405–437. https://doi.org/10.56529/mpr.v3i2.312.
Wolf, Silvia Ilonka. 2023. “Learning Islam ‘ala Gaza’: Palestinian Shaykhs as Figures of Religious Authority in Indonesian Palestine Solidarity Practices.” International Journal of Islam in Asia 2 (2): 170–202. https://doi.org/10.1163/25899996-20223007.
Yang, Zikun, and Li Li. 2021. “Positioning Religion in International Relations: The Performative, Discursive, and Relational Dimension of Religious Soft Power.” Religions 12 (11): 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12110940.
Zidni, E. Ervi Siti Zahroh. 2023. “Analisis Konsistensi Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Mendorong Kemerdekaan Palestina.” Islam Nusantara: Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture 4 (1): 56–83. https://doi.org/10.47776/islamnusantara.v4i1.681.
Ziv, Tom. 2024. “A Spiritual Call: The Courses of Action Taken by Individuals Influenced by Religious Soft Power.” Politics and Religion 17 (2): 276–295. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048324000099.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All writings published in this journal are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal or the authors’ affiliated institutions. Authors retain copyrights without any restriction under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).








