Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Policing in Indonesia: Governance, Ethics, and the Future of Law Enforcement

Abstract

Artificial intelligence is increasingly being considered for applications in policing, including crime analysis, risk assessment, pattern recognition, and predictive policing. While these technologies may enhance analytical capabilities, their use also raises concerns regarding bias, transparency, privacy, accountability, and the potential expansion of surveillance. This study examines the prospects and governance challenges associated with artificial intelligence and predictive policing in Indonesia. Using qualitative policy and conceptual analysis, the study evaluates the potential applications of AI in law enforcement while considering relevant ethical and institutional safeguards. The analysis argues that technological effectiveness cannot be separated from questions of legitimacy and governance. AI-supported policing systems may reproduce existing institutional biases when trained on incomplete or historically distorted data, while opaque algorithmic decision-making can make accountability difficult. The study therefore proposes that AI adoption should be accompanied by principles of transparency, human oversight, proportionality, data protection, and independent accountability. The article contributes to emerging scholarship on AI and policing by applying international debates concerning algorithmic governance to the Indonesian context. It concludes that responsible adoption requires institutional readiness and a governance framework that places human rights and public accountability at the centre of technological innovation.