Between Faith and Freedom: Religious Intolerance and Minority Rights in Indonesia

Abstract

This paper explores the complex relationship between religious intolerance and minority rights in contemporary Indonesia, a country renowned for its cultural and religious diversity. While Indonesia’s constitution guarantees freedom of religion, the reality on the ground often reflects deep-seated tensions between the Muslim majority and religious minorities, including Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, and followers of indigenous faiths. This study investigates instances of religious discrimination and violence, such as attacks on places of worship, forced conversions, and the marginalization of religious minorities in political and social spheres. It also examines the role of religious groups, political parties, and state institutions in perpetuating or challenging religious intolerance. Drawing on case studies from regions like Aceh and West Java, the paper highlights the challenges faced by religious minorities in navigating a legal framework that often favors Islamic law and political Islam. The research considers both the legal protections available for minorities and the enforcement of these protections, particularly in light of recent shifts in Indonesia’s political and religious landscape. The paper concludes by suggesting policy reforms that promote religious tolerance and minority rights, emphasizing the importance of legal reforms and interfaith dialogue in overcoming religious intolerance.