Access to Health in Indonesia: The Impact of Universal Health Coverage on Equity and Social Justice

Abstract

Indonesia’s Universal Health Coverage (JKN) program, launched in 2014, has significantly expanded access to healthcare services for millions of Indonesians. However, its impact on equity and social justice remains a topic of ongoing debate. This paper explores how JKN has improved or hindered access to healthcare, particularly for marginalized and low-income communities. Using a combination of quantitative data analysis, surveys, and interviews with healthcare providers and recipients, the study assesses the accessibility, affordability, and quality of healthcare services under the JKN framework. The findings highlight that while JKN has made substantial strides in providing healthcare to a wider population, significant disparities persist, especially in rural areas, remote islands, and among informal sector workers who remain outside the program. Furthermore, the quality of care remains inconsistent, with underfunded local clinics and a shortage of healthcare professionals in underserved regions. The paper argues that achieving true health equity requires not only expanding coverage but also addressing systemic barriers such as infrastructure, financial constraints, and administrative inefficiencies. Recommendations include enhancing the capacity of local healthcare facilities, improving integration of health services, and addressing the social determinants of health through more comprehensive policy interventions.