The Role of Technology in Bridging or Widening the Educational Gap: A Critical Review of E-Learning Policies in Indonesia

Abstract

This paper critically reviews the role of technology in bridging or widening the educational gap in Indonesia, with a particular focus on the government’s e-learning policies. The rapid adoption of online education, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has highlighted both the potential and the limitations of digital learning tools. The research investigates how Indonesia’s e-learning policies have been implemented at various educational levels, especially in remote and disadvantaged regions. Using a combination of policy analysis, interviews with teachers and students, and case studies of e-learning initiatives, the study explores the challenges related to access, digital literacy, and infrastructure. Findings reveal that while e-learning offers opportunities for expanding access to education, it also exacerbates existing disparities due to unequal access to technology and internet connectivity. The study argues that without targeted policies to address the digital divide, e-learning may further marginalize low-income students and those in rural areas. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving e-learning policies, including investments in digital infrastructure, teacher training in technology, and providing students with affordable access to devices and the internet.