Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society
type: channel
description: Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society is a journal dedicated to exploring the intricate relationship between Palestine and Indonesia, particularly in the realms of legal, social, political, and cultural spheres. This journal delves into how the Palestinian struggle for justice and sovereignty resonates within Indonesian society, examining both historical and contemporary perspectives. It aims to provide a platform for scholarly discussions on Indonesia's legal stance on Palestinian rights, its foreign policy towards the Middle East, and the broader societal impact of Palestinian issues on Indonesian public opinion, activism, and cultural expressions. By bridging the global and local dimensions, this journal seeks to illuminate how Indonesian legal frameworks, political discourse, and social movements engage with and respond to the Palestinian cause. In addition, the journal invites contributions that analyze Indonesia's humanitarian aid efforts, advocacy for peace, and the role of civil society in supporting Palestinian welfare. It also encourages research that highlights Indonesia's contributions to international efforts for peace in the region, as well as the influence of Palestinian solidarity movements on Indonesian activism and identity. By fostering an interdisciplinary approach, Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society offers a comprehensive examination of how a global issue like the Palestinian conflict shapes Indonesian societal values, legal systems, and political strategies, contributing to a deeper understanding of global solidarity and justice in the context of Indonesia's own history and ongoing political journey.
publisher: The Network of Indonesian Legal and Justice Researchers
language: en
publication name: Palestine Issues on Indonesian Society
copyright: All writings published in this journal are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal or the authors’ affiliated institutions. Authors retain copyrights without any restriction under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
items: Indonesian Media and the Representation of Palestinian Women: Gender, Resistance, and International Solidarity
items: Palestine and Indonesian Islamic NGOs: Providing Humanitarian Aid and Political Advocacy
items: The Legacy of Sukarno’s Support for Palestine: How Indonesia's First President Shaped Contemporary Solidarity
items: Indonesia’s Muslim Majority and the Palestinian Cause: A Study of Religious and Political Mobilization
items: The Palestine-Israel Conflict in Indonesian Educational Curriculum: A Critical Examination of Teaching Materials
items: Cultural Diplomacy: The Role of Indonesian Artists and Musicians in Supporting Palestine
items: Palestine on Indonesian Social Media: Hashtags, Activism, and Youth Engagement in the Digital Age
items: The Indonesian Government and Palestinian Refugees: Policy Responses and Humanitarian Support
items: Palestine as a Symbol of Anti-Colonial Struggle: Indonesian Nationalist Perspectives and Solidarity Movements
items: Indonesia’s Role in International Advocacy for Palestine: Diplomatic Efforts and Challenges in the United Nations
items: The Impact of Palestinian Literature and Cinema on Indonesian Cultural Understanding of the Middle East Conflict
items: From the Al-Quds Day to Jakarta: The Role of Public Demonstrations in Mobilizing Support for Palestine in Indonesia
items: Indonesian Religious Leaders and Palestine: The Influence of Islamic and Christian Clergy in Shaping National Sentiment
items: Palestine in Indonesian Media: Framing the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and Its Impact on Public Perception
items: Indonesia's Solidarity with Palestine: The Role of Public Opinion and Grassroots Movements in Shaping Foreign Policy
items: From the Archipelago to al-Quds: Mapping the Spiritual and Political Geography of Palestine in Indonesian Consciousness
items: The Use of the Palestinian Issue in Indonesian Electoral Politics: Symbolism or Sincerity?
items: Palestine in the Curriculum: The Politics of History and International Solidarity in Indonesian Education
items: Online Disinformation and the Palestine-Israel Conflict: How Indonesian Netizens Navigate Truth and Bias
items: Cultural Diplomacy for Palestine: The Role of Indonesian Cultural Figures in International Advocacy
items: Palestinian Flags in Jakarta: Urban Protests and Symbolic Resistance in the Indonesian Capital
items: Between Religion and Human Rights: Interfaith Responses to the Palestinian Question in Indonesia
items: Boycott Movements in Indonesia: BDS Campaigns and Consumer Nationalism in Solidarity with Palestine
items: The Impact of the Gaza Crisis on Indonesian Social Movements and Political Expressions
items: Palestine in the Political Arena: How Indonesian Politicians Use the Conflict in Domestic Discourse
items: The Role of Indonesian NGOs in Palestine Advocacy: From Humanitarian Aid to Policy Campaigns
items: Student Movements and the Palestinian Cause in Indonesia: Continuity and Change Since Reformasi
items: Faith-Based Diplomacy: The Influence of Indonesian Religious Sentiment on the Palestine Policy Agenda
items: Palestine as a Symbol of Justice: Identity, Faith, and Resistance in Indonesian Muslim Narratives
items: Visual Resistance: How Indonesian Artists Depict the Palestinian Struggle

Indonesian Media and the Representation of Palestinian Women: Gender, Resistance, and International Solidarity
type: item
description: This paper provides a critical analysis of how Palestinian women’s experiences are represented in Indonesian media, focusing on issues of gender, resistance, and solidarity. While Palestinian women have long been at the forefront of the struggle for Palestinian rights, their stories are often marginalized in mainstream media. This study examines how Indonesian news outlets, social media platforms, and cultural productions frame the role of Palestinian women in the resistance movement, highlighting themes of gendered violence, resilience, and activism. Through content analysis of news reports, documentaries, and feature articles, the research explores the intersections of gender, politics, and international solidarity, particularly within the context of Indonesia’s Muslim-majority identity. The paper also looks at how these media representations affect public perceptions of Palestine in Indonesia, particularly among young people and feminist groups. By investigating the portrayal of Palestinian women as both victims and active agents of change, the paper sheds light on the complex ways in which Indonesian media contribute to global solidarity movements, framing Palestinian women as symbols of resistance and justice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, gender, women, media representation, Indonesia, solidarity, resistance, international relations
  topic: keywords
creator: Dewi Putri Karina
creator: Bambang Pudiyatmoko
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Dewi Putri Karina, Bambang Pudiyatmoko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-01-31
publication date: 2024-01-31
doi: 10.65815/gp3rkv84

Palestine and Indonesian Islamic NGOs: Providing Humanitarian Aid and Political Advocacy
type: item
description: This paper explores the role of Indonesian Islamic non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in supporting Palestine, focusing on their dual function of providing humanitarian aid and engaging in political advocacy. Indonesian Islamic NGOs have played a critical role in both alleviating the immediate humanitarian needs of Palestinians and raising awareness about the political dimensions of the conflict. The paper investigates the organizational strategies of several key NGOs, their partnerships with international organizations, and their domestic political engagement. By analyzing case studies of fundraising campaigns, medical missions, and educational programs, the study highlights how these organizations balance their religious mission with political advocacy, emphasizing Palestinian sovereignty and rights. The research also delves into the challenges these NGOs face, such as navigating complex international legal frameworks, managing relations with the Indonesian government, and addressing ideological divisions within Indonesian society regarding the Palestinian cause. The paper argues that Indonesian Islamic NGOs are pivotal in shaping public discourse and policy regarding Palestine, both within Indonesia and on the global stage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, Islamic NGOs, humanitarian aid, political advocacy, Indonesia, religious organizations, international relations
  topic: keywords
creator: Nayla Arshika Safira
creator: Sava Alya Kencana
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nayla Arshika Safira, Sava Alya Kencana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-01-31
publication date: 2024-01-31
doi: 10.65815/725q9052

The Legacy of Sukarno’s Support for Palestine: How Indonesia's First President Shaped Contemporary Solidarity
type: item
description: This paper offers a historical analysis of President Sukarno’s unwavering support for Palestine and examines how his legacy continues to shape Indonesia’s contemporary stance on Palestinian issues. Sukarno’s foreign policy, grounded in anti-colonialism and solidarity with oppressed nations, provided a foundational framework for Indonesia’s pro-Palestinian stance. The paper traces the evolution of this policy from Sukarno’s era to the present, focusing on key moments in Indonesia’s diplomatic engagement with Palestine and its representation in public discourse. Through archival research and a review of speeches, diplomatic correspondence, and media portrayals, the study highlights how Sukarno’s rhetoric—particularly his framing of Palestine as a symbol of global resistance against imperialism—resonates with current Indonesian foreign policy. The paper also examines how Sukarno’s legacy is invoked in contemporary political debates, particularly within nationalist and Islamic movements in Indonesia. The research reveals how Sukarno’s advocacy for Palestinian statehood has been institutionalized in Indonesia's diplomatic narrative and remains a central component of Indonesia’s identity as a leader of the Global South.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sukarno, Palestine, Indonesia, foreign policy, anti-colonialism, nationalism, public sentiment, legacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Viona Azalea Kirani
creator: Tara Zevanya Larasati
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Viona Azalea Kirani, Tara Zevanya Larasati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-01-31
publication date: 2024-01-31
doi: 10.65815/q1jjbz35

Indonesia’s Muslim Majority and the Palestinian Cause: A Study of Religious and Political Mobilization
type: item
description: This paper investigates the role of Indonesia’s Muslim majority in mobilizing support for Palestine, focusing on the intersection of religion, politics, and activism. Indonesia, as the world’s largest Muslim-majority country, has long demonstrated strong solidarity with Palestine, both in terms of public opinion and political advocacy. This study examines the factors that contribute to this mobilization, including religious teachings, political ideologies, and the influence of Islamic organizations in shaping the discourse on Palestinian rights. Drawing on interviews with religious leaders, political activists, and members of Islamic organizations, this paper explores how Islamic narratives of justice, resistance, and anti-colonial struggle resonate with Indonesia's Muslim population. The research also addresses how religious identity shapes not only public sentiment but also formal political actions, such as Indonesia's participation in international forums advocating for Palestinian statehood. The study argues that the Palestinian cause occupies a central place in Indonesian Islamic discourse, and explores how this has influenced Indonesia's broader foreign policy and its role in global humanitarian advocacy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, Indonesia, Muslim majority, political mobilization, Islamic organizations, religious activism, foreign policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Zidan Arjuna Prakoso
creator: Elvan Malik Haryanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Zidan Arjuna Prakoso, Elvan Malik Haryanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-01-31
publication date: 2024-01-31
doi: 10.65815/xkg3mw50

The Palestine-Israel Conflict in Indonesian Educational Curriculum: A Critical Examination of Teaching Materials
type: item
description: This paper critically examines how Palestinian issues are represented in the Indonesian educational curriculum, focusing on textbooks, teaching materials, and the role of educators in shaping young people’s understanding of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Drawing on an analysis of school syllabi, university courses, and extracurricular resources, the study investigates how Palestine is framed within broader themes of global justice, anti-colonial struggle, and human rights. The research explores the historical narratives presented to students, including discussions around Palestine's right to self-determination, the impact of Israeli occupation, and the international community’s role in resolving the conflict. The paper also considers the influence of Indonesia’s political and religious context, particularly its Muslim-majority identity and historical ties with Palestine, on the content and presentation of these educational materials. By interviewing educators and analyzing student reactions, this paper assesses the pedagogical approaches employed in conveying the Palestinian cause. The findings highlight the complex intersection of education, ideology, and international relations, and argue that Indonesian education plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and fostering solidarity with Palestine among younger generations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, education, curriculum, Indonesia, textbooks, teaching materials, conflict, youth engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: Keano Arshaka Pramana
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Keano Arshaka Pramana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-01-31
publication date: 2024-01-31
doi: 10.65815/qz7t8m60

Cultural Diplomacy: The Role of Indonesian Artists and Musicians in Supporting Palestine
type: item
description: This paper examines the role of Indonesian artists and musicians in advocating for Palestine through cultural diplomacy. From music concerts to art exhibitions, Indonesian cultural figures have long used their platforms to raise awareness of Palestinian issues, drawing connections between their own history of struggle and the Palestinian cause. The paper analyzes how artists and musicians in Indonesia have contributed to global cultural solidarity movements, using art, music, and public performances as a means of fostering dialogue and raising awareness about the Palestinian struggle. By focusing on key cultural initiatives, this study highlights the impact of creative expression in shaping public opinion and diplomatic discourse. Furthermore, the paper explores how cultural diplomacy has facilitated Indonesia’s position as a key advocate for Palestine on the international stage, reinforcing the country’s identity as a proponent of justice and human rights. The research also considers the role of Indonesian cultural institutions in promoting solidarity with Palestine, both domestically and internationally.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, cultural diplomacy, Indonesia, artists, musicians, advocacy, international relations, solidarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahra Alviana Nadhifa
creator: Elina Kayla Prameswari
creator: Sava Alya Kencana
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Zahra Alviana Nadhifa, Elina Kayla Prameswari, Sava Alya Kencana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30
doi: 10.65815/vfd1xk17

Palestine on Indonesian Social Media: Hashtags, Activism, and Youth Engagement in the Digital Age
type: item
description: This paper explores the role of social media in shaping Indonesian public discourse on Palestine, particularly through the engagement of youth and activists. The study investigates how social media platforms, such as Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, have become critical tools for advocacy, mobilization, and the dissemination of information about the Palestinian cause. By examining the use of hashtags like #FreePalestine and #SaveAlAqsa, the paper highlights how digital activism in Indonesia has played a significant role in building solidarity with Palestine, especially among younger generations. The research also analyzes the ways in which Indonesian activists utilize these platforms to counter mainstream media narratives, promote awareness of the Palestinian struggle, and call for action on social and political issues related to Palestine. Furthermore, the paper addresses the challenges of misinformation and online censorship in the digital activism space, shedding light on the intersection of social media, politics, and youth engagement in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, social media, activism, digital engagement, youth, hashtags, Indonesia, online campaigns
  topic: keywords
creator: Naura Keisha Amara
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Naura Keisha Amara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30
doi: 10.65815/sszm6h30

The Indonesian Government and Palestinian Refugees: Policy Responses and Humanitarian Support
type: item
description: This paper investigates Indonesia’s policies on Palestinian refugees, focusing on the country’s humanitarian responses and its legal framework for offering asylum. Indonesia has historically demonstrated strong solidarity with Palestine, but its policies toward Palestinian refugees are complex and multifaceted. The study examines Indonesia’s stance on the issue within the broader context of its immigration policies, international refugee conventions, and bilateral relations with Palestinian authorities. It also analyzes the support provided by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Indonesia, as well as the legal challenges refugees face in terms of residency, employment, and access to services. By assessing Indonesia’s role in the international refugee system and its approach to Palestinian refugees, this paper highlights the tension between Indonesia’s commitment to human rights and the practical limitations of its domestic legal frameworks. It concludes by considering the role of Indonesia in influencing regional and global discourse on refugee rights, particularly in the context of the Palestinian crisis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, refugees, Indonesia, humanitarian support, asylum, refugee policy, international law
  topic: keywords
creator: Nayaka Zivano Putra
creator: Ayla Zivanna Putri
creator: Kirana Elsha Maharani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nayaka Zivano Putra, Ayla Zivanna Putri, Kirana Elsha Maharani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30
doi: 10.65815/3r32mc88

Palestine as a Symbol of Anti-Colonial Struggle: Indonesian Nationalist Perspectives and Solidarity Movements
type: item
description: This paper explores the framing of Palestine as a symbol of anti-colonial struggle within Indonesian nationalist discourse and solidarity movements. Drawing on Indonesia’s own history of resistance against Dutch colonial rule, the paper argues that many in Indonesia perceive the Palestinian struggle for independence as an extension of their own anti-colonial history. The study investigates how this shared history of resistance has fostered strong public and political support for Palestine, particularly among nationalist groups and political activists. By analyzing historical texts, speeches, and cultural references, the paper explores how Palestinian liberation is framed as an integral part of the global struggle against colonialism and imperialism. The study also examines the evolution of Indonesian solidarity movements with Palestine, from early post-independence support to contemporary youth-led activism, and the way this solidarity has influenced national identity and political discourse in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine, anti-colonialism, solidarity, Indonesian nationalism, independence, global resistance, political movements
  topic: keywords
creator: Izan Akmal Wiratama
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Izan Akmal Wiratama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30
doi: 10.65815/rz8hsc67

Indonesia’s Role in International Advocacy for Palestine: Diplomatic Efforts and Challenges in the United Nations
type: item
description: This paper examines Indonesia’s diplomatic efforts to advocate for Palestinian statehood in international forums, particularly within the United Nations (UN). As one of the largest Muslim-majority countries with a history of anti-colonial resistance, Indonesia has consistently positioned itself as a strong supporter of Palestine. The study analyzes Indonesia’s engagement in UN debates, resolutions, and initiatives aimed at advancing Palestinian sovereignty, while also navigating the complexities of global politics. The paper explores the challenges Indonesia faces in balancing its domestic interests—such as national identity and regional influence—with international pressures, particularly from Western powers and Israel. By examining key diplomatic moments, including Indonesia’s role in the UN General Assembly and Security Council, this paper assesses the effectiveness of Indonesia’s advocacy and the limitations it faces in the current geopolitical context. Additionally, the paper highlights how Indonesia’s foreign policy toward Palestine has been shaped by historical, religious, and geopolitical factors, underscoring the complexity of its position in international diplomacy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indonesia, Palestine, diplomacy, United Nations, statehood, foreign policy, international relations
  topic: keywords
creator: Arka Zayn Pratama
creator: Raka Elvano Mahesa
creator: Kavin Rayhan Santosa
creator: Alden Firzan Nugraha
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Arka Zayn Pratama, Raka Elvano Mahesa, Kavin Rayhan Santosa, Alden Firzan Nugraha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30
doi: 10.65815/70qqmm41

The Impact of Palestinian Literature and Cinema on Indonesian Cultural Understanding of the Middle East Conflict
type: item
description: This paper explores how Palestinian literature, films, and other cultural productions have shaped the Indonesian public’s understanding of the Palestinian struggle and the broader Middle Eastern political context. The study examines key works of Palestinian authors, filmmakers, and artists that have been translated and disseminated in Indonesia, and assesses their impact on Indonesian cultural consciousness. By analyzing the reception of these cultural products, the paper investigates how they provide an alternative narrative to mainstream Western media portrayals of the conflict, offering a more nuanced and humanistic view of Palestine. The paper also explores how these cultural representations intersect with Indonesia’s own political history and identity, particularly in terms of solidarity with oppressed peoples and anti-colonial movements. Through this cultural lens, the study highlights the role of literature and cinema as tools for building cross-cultural understanding and political empathy in Indonesian society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: literature
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural understanding
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle East
  topic: keywords
subject: political consciousness
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Zulkifli
creator: Sekar Ayu Ningrum
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Zulkifli, Sekar Ayu Ningrum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/01vkh514

From the Al-Quds Day to Jakarta: The Role of Public Demonstrations in Mobilizing Support for Palestine in Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper investigates the role of public demonstrations in mobilizing support for Palestine in Indonesia, focusing on Al-Quds Day rallies as a key mobilizing force. The study explores the history, significance, and political context of these public demonstrations, analyzing how they serve as platforms for political expression and solidarity with Palestine. The paper also examines the broader social and political impact of these protests on Indonesian society, including their role in shaping public opinion, mobilizing grassroots activism, and influencing political discourse. By analyzing Al-Quds Day rallies and other major protests, this paper highlights the role of collective action in promoting Palestine as a central issue within Indonesian political activism. Additionally, the study examines the relationship between these public demonstrations and government policy, exploring the tension between public mobilization and the state’s diplomatic posture.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: public demonstrations
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Quds Day
  topic: keywords
subject: political activism
  topic: keywords
subject: public opinion
  topic: keywords
creator: Nur Izzati Amirah binti Nor Hamzah
creator: Hannah Qistina
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nur Izzati Amirah binti Nor Hamzah, Hannah Qistina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/vwz96t94

Indonesian Religious Leaders and Palestine: The Influence of Islamic and Christian Clergy in Shaping National Sentiment
type: item
description: This paper explores the influence of Indonesian religious leaders, both Muslim and Christian, in shaping national sentiment towards Palestine. Given Indonesia's pluralistic religious landscape, religious figures play a key role in articulating and disseminating solidarity for Palestine. The study analyzes the sermons, speeches, and public statements of influential clerics and religious organizations, investigating how they frame the Palestinian cause within religious discourse. For Muslim leaders, this often revolves around Islamic solidarity with the oppressed, while Christian clergy focus on themes of justice and human rights. The paper examines the intersections between religious teachings and political advocacy, as well as the broader impact of these religious narratives on public opinion. By exploring the role of religious leaders in building solidarity movements, this paper sheds light on how religious sentiments intersect with political activism in Indonesia’s support for Palestine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indonesian religious leaders
  topic: keywords
subject: public sentiment
  topic: keywords
subject: religious discourse
  topic: keywords
creator: Shamsul Bahri
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Shamsul Bahri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/f6rmth51

Palestine in Indonesian Media: Framing the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and Its Impact on Public Perception
type: item
description: This paper examines how Palestinian issues are framed in Indonesian media and the implications of these representations on public perceptions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The study analyzes coverage of Palestine in mainstream media, including newspapers, television, and social media platforms, with a focus on the framing techniques used to portray the conflict. Using a media analysis framework, the paper explores how narratives of resistance, justice, and victimhood shape public understanding of the Palestinian struggle and the Israeli occupation. Additionally, the study looks at how Indonesian media portray the role of international actors, particularly the United States and Israel, in exacerbating the conflict. It also assesses the role of social media in mobilizing public opinion, especially among younger generations. By examining the media's role in shaping both public opinion and political discourse, this paper provides insights into how media framing influences national sentiment toward Palestine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
subject: media framing
  topic: keywords
subject: public perception
  topic: keywords
subject: social media
  topic: keywords
subject: conflict coverage
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Haziq Afiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Haziq Afiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/db3ngs74

Indonesia's Solidarity with Palestine: The Role of Public Opinion and Grassroots Movements in Shaping Foreign Policy
type: item
description: This paper investigates the role of public opinion and grassroots movements in Indonesia’s foreign policy stance on Palestine. Over the years, Indonesian civil society—including political activists, religious groups, and youth organizations—has demonstrated significant solidarity with Palestine, influencing the country’s diplomatic position. The study analyzes the ways in which public opinion, particularly in the form of mass protests, petitions, and advocacy campaigns, has impacted Indonesia’s official policy towards Palestine. By examining key historical moments, such as Indonesia's support in international forums, and the role of grassroots movements, this paper explores the intersection of public sentiment and state diplomacy. The study also highlights the unique position of Indonesia, a Muslim-majority country with strong anti-colonial roots, and how this background shapes its political engagement with Palestine. This paper argues that while government policies may shift, grassroots mobilization remains a constant force in ensuring that Palestine remains a central issue in Indonesia’s foreign policy discourse.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: foreign policy
  topic: keywords
subject: grassroots movements
  topic: keywords
subject: public opinion
  topic: keywords
subject: diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
creator: Aina Sofea
creator: Ahmad Fawzy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Aina Sofea, Ahmad Fawzy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/fm54ca14

From the Archipelago to al-Quds: Mapping the Spiritual and Political Geography of Palestine in Indonesian Consciousness
type: item
description: This paper explores the spiritual and political significance of Palestine within the Indonesian collective consciousness, examining how the Palestinian cause resonates deeply within the political, religious, and social fabric of the country. Using a combination of historical analysis and contemporary case studies, the study maps the evolution of Indonesian solidarity with Palestine, tracing its roots in Islamic teachings, national identity, and political movements. It investigates how Indonesian narratives around Palestine intertwine with broader themes of resistance, justice, and anti-imperialism, from the era of anti-colonial struggles to the current geopolitical climate. The paper also delves into the symbolic geography of Palestine in Indonesia’s political and cultural landscapes, particularly in the context of public protests, religious sermons, and civil society mobilizations. It further assesses the role of religious leaders, political elites, and ordinary citizens in framing Palestine as a moral and political cause. Ultimately, the study examines how the Palestinian issue has shaped Indonesian national identity and its role on the global stage, particularly within the Muslim world.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
subject: national identity
  topic: keywords
subject: political geography
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-imperialism
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Bima Yudha Santosa
creator: Daniel Irfan Khairuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Bima Yudha Santosa, Daniel Irfan Khairuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-22
publication date: 2024-10-22
doi: 10.65815/e5bbb273

The Use of the Palestinian Issue in Indonesian Electoral Politics: Symbolism or Sincerity?
type: item
description: This paper examines how the Palestinian issue is used by Indonesian political parties and candidates during electoral campaigns. It investigates whether the framing of Palestine within political discourse is symbolic, as a tool for garnering support among voters, or whether it represents genuine political advocacy for Palestinian rights. By analyzing speeches, campaign materials, and media appearances, the study explores how different political actors, especially those with Islamic affiliations, incorporate the Palestinian cause into their electoral strategies. The paper also considers the relationship between Indonesia’s domestic political climate, religious identity, and international foreign policy, analyzing how Palestinian solidarity is leveraged to mobilize voters both within the Muslim majority and broader civil society. The study highlights the complex interplay between political symbolism, electoral rhetoric, and international relations, questioning the sincerity of these electoral promises and their real-world implications for Indonesia's policy on Palestine.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
subject: electoral politics
  topic: keywords
subject: political symbolism
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign policy
  topic: keywords
subject: elections
  topic: keywords
creator: Bagas Arga Pratama
creator: Rangga Damar Wibisana
creator: Siti Nabila Farhana binti Mohd Azlan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Bagas Arga Pratama, Rangga Damar Wibisana, Siti Nabila Farhana binti Mohd Azlan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-22
publication date: 2024-10-22
doi: 10.65815/hg2n9895

Palestine in the Curriculum: The Politics of History and International Solidarity in Indonesian Education
type: item
description: This paper analyzes how the Palestinian issue is represented in Indonesian educational curricula and the political implications of its inclusion. The study investigates how Palestinian history, the Israeli occupation, and the broader Middle Eastern conflict are taught in schools and universities, particularly in the context of Indonesia’s educational framework. It explores how these teachings shape the national consciousness, influence student perspectives on global justice, and align with Indonesia’s foreign policy stance. The paper also examines the pedagogical strategies employed by educators and the challenges they face in navigating politically sensitive subjects. Furthermore, it highlights the role of educational institutions in fostering international solidarity with Palestine, especially among youth, and assesses the impact of these educational discourses on the formation of Indonesian identity and political attitudes. The study concludes by discussing the implications of this curriculum for Indonesia’s future foreign relations and international engagement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
subject: international solidarity
  topic: keywords
subject: political history
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle East
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
creator: Bayu Tegar Mahardika
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Bayu Tegar Mahardika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
doi: 10.65815/zcbak031

Online Disinformation and the Palestine-Israel Conflict: How Indonesian Netizens Navigate Truth and Bias
type: item
description: This paper explores the role of online disinformation in shaping public opinion in Indonesia regarding the Palestine-Israel conflict. With the rise of social media, Indonesian netizens increasingly engage in debates over the conflict, often encountering competing narratives and biased information. The study investigates how digital platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp are used to disseminate both fact and misinformation, influencing Indonesian perspectives on Palestine. It also explores the strategies employed by Indonesian social media users to navigate these complexities, including fact-checking, selective sharing, and the creation of counter-narratives. The paper assesses the role of online activism, particularly within Indonesian Muslim communities, in amplifying the Palestinian cause and countering pro-Israel rhetoric. It further examines the impact of digital disinformation on political discourse, mobilization, and Indonesian foreign policy. The study concludes by offering recommendations for improving media literacy and combating disinformation in the Indonesian digital space.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: online disinformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
subject: Israel
  topic: keywords
subject: digital activism
  topic: keywords
subject: media literacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayu Prameswari
creator: Putri Mentari
creator: Jalu Rakha Wijaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ayu Prameswari, Putri Mentari, Jalu Rakha Wijaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-22
publication date: 2024-10-22
doi: 10.65815/b86vag06

Cultural Diplomacy for Palestine: The Role of Indonesian Cultural Figures in International Advocacy
type: item
description: This paper examines the role of Indonesian cultural figures in advocating for Palestinian rights on the international stage. Focusing on artists, musicians, filmmakers, and intellectuals, this study analyzes how Indonesia’s cultural diplomacy has been utilized to raise awareness about the Palestinian issue globally. The paper highlights how Indonesian cultural expressions—through art exhibitions, performances, and public statements—serve as a platform for solidarity, as well as tools for framing the Palestinian cause within a broader discourse of justice, human rights, and resistance. It explores the alignment of Indonesian cultural diplomacy with its political and religious identity, particularly in the context of Indonesia’s position as the world’s largest Muslim-majority country. The paper also considers the influence of Indonesian cultural figures in global civil society networks, especially in shaping narratives about Palestine within cultural spaces such as the United Nations and other international platforms. By analyzing the strategies and impact of these figures, this study offers insights into the intersection of culture, diplomacy, and international advocacy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cultural diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesian cultural figures
  topic: keywords
subject: international advocacy
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Firdaus bin Zainal Abidin
creator: Muhammad Aiman Hakimi bin Roslan
creator: Ningrum Puspa Cahyaningtyas
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Firdaus bin Zainal Abidin, Muhammad Aiman Hakimi bin Roslan, Ningrum Puspa Cahyaningtyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-22
publication date: 2024-10-22
doi: 10.65815/ragtsq65

Palestinian Flags in Jakarta: Urban Protests and Symbolic Resistance in the Indonesian Capital
type: item
description: This paper examines the role of urban protests and symbolic resistance in Jakarta, focusing on the prominent use of the Palestinian flag as a symbol of solidarity and political activism. Through an analysis of public demonstrations, protests, and street art in Jakarta, the study investigates how the Palestinian flag has become a powerful visual tool in Indonesian protests, representing both local resistance to perceived injustice and global solidarity with Palestine. The paper explores how the flag is used as a symbol not only of support for Palestine but also as a marker of broader political sentiments, including anti-imperialism, resistance to foreign intervention, and solidarity with marginalized communities. By analyzing protests in key urban spaces such as Jakarta’s central squares and streets, the study reveals how symbolic resistance has taken shape in the Indonesian capital, examining its role in shaping public discourse and influencing political activism. The paper also reflects on the impact of these protests on Indonesian political culture, highlighting how such urban movements challenge political elites and contribute to the discourse on justice, human rights, and international solidarity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: urban protests
  topic: keywords
subject: symbolic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Palestinian flag
  topic: keywords
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
subject: activism
  topic: keywords
creator: Faizal Aditya Santoso
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Faizal Aditya Santoso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-20
publication date: 2025-01-20
doi: 10.65815/vz7ar230

Between Religion and Human Rights: Interfaith Responses to the Palestinian Question in Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper investigates the interfaith responses to the Palestinian question in Indonesia, exploring the relationship between religion, human rights, and solidarity with Palestine. Indonesia, with its diverse religious landscape, is home to various responses to the Palestinian cause, particularly from Muslim, Christian, and interfaith groups. This study examines how these religious communities interpret and respond to the Palestinian struggle through the lenses of faith, justice, and human rights. Focusing on religious leaders, interfaith dialogue, and humanitarian initiatives, the paper explores how the Palestinian issue is framed as both a religious and a human rights concern, transcending religious boundaries. The research highlights the role of religious-based humanitarian organizations in Indonesia’s support for Palestine, considering their efforts in advocacy, fundraising, and raising awareness about the Palestinian plight. The paper also explores the challenges of balancing religious principles with international human rights frameworks in advocating for Palestine. Ultimately, it reflects on the role of religion as a tool for both moral advocacy and political resistance in the context of the Palestinian cause.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: interfaith
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
subject: Christian-Muslim relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Palestine
  topic: keywords
creator: Baidhowi Baidhowi
creator: Yustina Dhian Novita
creator: Ridwan Arifin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Baidhowi Baidhowi, Yustina Dhian Novita, Ridwan Arifin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-20
publication date: 2025-01-20
doi: 10.65815/g0z0en73

Boycott Movements in Indonesia: BDS Campaigns and Consumer Nationalism in Solidarity with Palestine
type: item
description: This paper explores the rise of Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) campaigns in Indonesia and their relationship to consumer nationalism in the context of Palestinian solidarity. Focusing on the intersection of social activism, consumer behavior, and political identity, the study examines how Indonesian activists and civil society groups have used boycott campaigns as a tool to protest Israeli policies and support Palestinian rights. It investigates how these campaigns have mobilized local consumers to boycott Israeli goods, companies with ties to Israel, and global brands perceived as complicit in the occupation of Palestinian territories. The paper also considers the role of social media in amplifying the BDS movement, examining how Indonesian activists utilize digital platforms to spread information and rally public support. Furthermore, the study addresses the challenges and controversies surrounding BDS in Indonesia, considering the ethical and political implications of consumer nationalism and its potential to influence international relations and corporate practices. The paper concludes by evaluating the effectiveness of boycott campaigns as a form of solidarity activism within the Indonesian context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: boycott movements
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Israel
  topic: keywords
subject: Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS)
  topic: keywords
creator: Oliver Manunggal Putra Jaya
creator: Ahmad Rayhan
creator: Pattaranan Thongchai
creator: Kornkanok Wattanakul
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oliver Manunggal Putra Jaya, Ahmad Rayhan, Pattaranan Thongchai, Kornkanok Wattanakul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-20
publication date: 2025-01-20
doi: 10.65815/q01x5447

The Impact of the Gaza Crisis on Indonesian Social Movements and Political Expressions
type: item
description: This paper examines the impact of the Gaza crisis on social movements and political expressions in Indonesia, focusing on how the ongoing conflict shapes local activism, public opinion, and political engagement. Drawing on case studies of demonstrations, social media campaigns, and public protests, the study investigates how the humanitarian situation in Gaza has fueled solidarity movements, particularly within Indonesian Muslim communities. It explores the ways in which the Gaza crisis has become a rallying point for grassroots activism, as well as how it has been used by political actors to mobilize support for Palestinian rights. The paper also considers the influence of international media coverage on the local discourse surrounding Gaza, and how the crisis has influenced debates on Indonesia’s foreign policy towards the Middle East. By assessing the role of the Gaza conflict in shaping Indonesian political expression, this study highlights the intersection between international events and domestic political dynamics, especially in terms of solidarity, religion, and social justice movements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gaza
  topic: keywords
subject: social movements
  topic: keywords
subject: political expression
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign policy
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Amara Zephyra
creator: Intan Maheswari
creator: Muhammad Pradipta Wicaksana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amara Zephyra, Intan Maheswari, Muhammad Pradipta Wicaksana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-20
publication date: 2025-01-20
doi: 10.65815/08zy3a39

Palestine in the Political Arena: How Indonesian Politicians Use the Conflict in Domestic Discourse
type: item
description: This paper explores the instrumentalization of the Palestinian cause in Indonesian political discourse, analyzing how politicians use the conflict to rally domestic support and position themselves on the international stage. By examining speeches, campaigns, and legislative actions, this study identifies the ways in which Palestinian solidarity is framed within national politics, particularly in relation to Indonesia's Muslim identity and its role in global geopolitics. The paper analyzes how political parties, especially Islamic-oriented parties, incorporate the Palestinian issue into their rhetoric, linking it to nationalistic themes such as anti-imperialism, justice, and solidarity with oppressed peoples. It also examines how the Palestinian cause is used to criticize domestic political rivals, both in the context of foreign policy and social justice. Additionally, the paper assesses the implications of this rhetoric on Indonesia’s relationship with international powers, particularly in relation to its standing in the Muslim world and its diplomatic ties with Israel and the United States. The study reveals how the Palestinian issue is utilized as a political tool within domestic Indonesian political strategies, reflecting broader trends in the use of foreign policy for domestic political gain.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indonesian politics
  topic: keywords
subject: political discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign policy
  topic: keywords
subject: political rhetoric
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Faris
creator: Sasithorn Kaewkamol
creator: Sirinapha Intarasiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Faris, Sasithorn Kaewkamol, Sirinapha Intarasiri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-20
publication date: 2025-01-20
doi: 10.65815/3srvjz05

The Role of Indonesian NGOs in Palestine Advocacy: From Humanitarian Aid to Policy Campaigns
type: item
description: This paper investigates the evolution of Indonesian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in their advocacy for Palestine, shifting from humanitarian aid initiatives to more politically engaged policy campaigns. The study analyzes the activities of key Indonesian NGOs, including those focused on human rights, social justice, and Islamic charity, in their efforts to address the humanitarian needs of Palestinians while also engaging with global political discussions surrounding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The research examines how Indonesian NGOs have adapted their approaches over time, transitioning from providing aid during periods of crisis to advocating for Palestinian political rights and supporting international efforts for peace. The paper also explores the role of Indonesian civil society in raising awareness of the Palestinian issue domestically, mobilizing support among the public and influencing government policy. By focusing on the strategies used by Indonesian NGOs, the paper highlights the broader implications for grassroots advocacy in global solidarity movements and the changing nature of international aid and political engagement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indonesian NGOs
  topic: keywords
subject: humanitarian aid
  topic: keywords
subject: policy campaigns
  topic: keywords
subject: civil society
  topic: keywords
subject: global solidarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Bambang Kustanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bambang Kustanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-20
publication date: 2025-04-20
doi: 10.65815/9nw1ve42

Student Movements and the Palestinian Cause in Indonesia: Continuity and Change Since Reformasi
type: item
description: This paper examines the role of student movements in Indonesia’s ongoing support for Palestine, tracing the continuity and evolution of this activism from the Reformasi period (post-1998) to the present. The study explores how Indonesian student organizations have historically used the Palestinian cause as a focal point for political activism, beginning with their strong mobilization against the New Order regime’s alignment with U.S. foreign policy, and continuing with their engagement in contemporary global movements for Palestinian rights. The paper analyzes key student protests, campaigns, and organizations, considering how their activism on Palestine has adapted to the changing political landscape of Indonesia, especially in the context of democratic transition and increasing Islamic political mobilization. It also examines the influence of social media and new communication technologies on student activism, looking at how platforms like Twitter and Facebook have facilitated the mobilization of youth in support of Palestine. This study provides insights into the dynamics of youth political engagement in Indonesia and the enduring significance of Palestine in the country's social justice movements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: student movements
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesian politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Reformasi
  topic: keywords
subject: youth engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: social media
  topic: keywords
creator: Talitha Rania Putri
creator: Nur Azalea Puspitasari
creator: Mohammad Naufal Hardiansyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Talitha Rania Putri, Nur Azalea Puspitasari, Mohammad Naufal Hardiansyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-20
publication date: 2025-04-20
doi: 10.65815/5h8jg264

Faith-Based Diplomacy: The Influence of Indonesian Religious Sentiment on the Palestine Policy Agenda
type: item
description: This paper explores the role of religious sentiment in shaping Indonesia’s foreign policy toward Palestine, focusing on the influence of Islamic faith-based diplomacy. Indonesia, as the largest Muslim-majority country, has long been a vocal supporter of Palestinian self-determination, and this study seeks to examine how religious sentiment shapes this diplomatic stance. The research investigates how religious organizations, political parties, and civil society groups use religious rhetoric and theological principles to advocate for Palestinian rights within the Indonesian policy framework. The paper also examines how faith-based diplomacy in Indonesia operates both domestically and internationally, including the ways in which Indonesia’s Muslim-majority population pressures the government to take a more active role in Palestinian advocacy. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and opportunities that arise from the intersection of religious sentiment and national political interests in shaping Indonesia's foreign policy on Palestine. The paper contributes to the understanding of how religious ideologies influence state diplomacy, particularly in a Muslim-majority country with a significant role in regional and global politics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: faith-based diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic sentiment
  topic: keywords
subject: religious advocacy
  topic: keywords
subject: political Islam
  topic: keywords
creator: Arya Nugraha
creator: Muhammad Ilham
creator: Kenzo Putra Sasongko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arya Nugraha, Muhammad Ilham, Kenzo Putra Sasongko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15
doi: 10.65815/atm73k67

Palestine as a Symbol of Justice: Identity, Faith, and Resistance in Indonesian Muslim Narratives
type: item
description: This paper investigates how Palestinian issues are framed within Indonesian Muslim narratives, where Palestine serves not only as a symbol of resistance but also as a symbol of justice and solidarity in the context of Muslim identity. The study analyzes religious sermons, political discourses, and literary works produced by Indonesian Muslim scholars and activists, focusing on the symbolic role of Palestine in Islamic thought and Indonesian Muslim identity. The research identifies how Palestinian resistance is depicted as part of the broader Islamic struggle for justice, often positioned within the theological and historical frameworks of Islamic teachings on oppression, resistance, and justice. By examining narratives that blend faith-based principles with political advocacy, the paper sheds light on how Indonesian Muslims view the Palestinian cause as part of a larger, global Islamic movement for justice. This study contributes to the understanding of how political identity and religious faith intersect in the Indonesian context and how the Palestinian cause is integrated into local political and religious discourses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indonesian Muslims
  topic: keywords
subject: justice
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic narratives
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Naura Nur Rahmadani
creator: Kayla Qolbun Mubiina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naura Nur Rahmadani, Kayla Qolbun Mubiina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15
doi: 10.65815/armpdq96

Visual Resistance: How Indonesian Artists Depict the Palestinian Struggle
type: item
description: This paper explores the role of Indonesian artists in visually representing the Palestinian struggle for freedom and justice. Through an analysis of contemporary visual art, including paintings, murals, and digital media, the study examines how Indonesian artists use their craft as a form of political resistance, solidarity, and advocacy for Palestinian rights. Drawing on examples from prominent Indonesian artists and grassroots art movements, the paper identifies recurring themes in the depiction of Palestinian suffering, resistance, and hope. The study also explores the intersection of artistic expression and political activism, considering how visual art is used to raise awareness, mobilize public sentiment, and advocate for change within Indonesian society. It argues that Palestinian issues in Indonesian art are not merely a form of international solidarity but also a way of communicating broader messages of justice, anti-imperialism, and Muslim solidarity. The paper further examines how this visual resistance intersects with other forms of activism, such as social media campaigns and public protests, as well as the implications for the role of art in shaping public opinion and policy discourse.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palestinian struggle
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesian artists
  topic: keywords
subject: visual art
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: solidarity
  topic: keywords
subject: public opinion
  topic: keywords
creator: Satriya Pamungkas
creator: Bima Alvaro Lubis
creator: Kayla Putri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Satriya Pamungkas, Bima Alvaro Lubis, Kayla Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-20
publication date: 2025-04-20
doi: 10.65815/kzv67s72