Religious Minority Rights and Social Media Narratives in Indonesia: A Case Study of Online Hate Speech

Abstract

In recent years, social media has emerged as both a platform for civic engagement and a space where religious minority communities in Indonesia face heightened risks of discrimination and harassment. This paper explores how online narratives shape perceptions of religious minorities, focusing on the interplay between social media discourse, state regulations, and community responses. Using content analysis of Twitter and Facebook posts related to prominent cases of religious intolerance, combined with interviews with minority activists, this study highlights how digital platforms can amplify both hate speech and advocacy for minority rights. The findings reveal that while legal frameworks exist to protect religious freedom in Indonesia, enforcement is inconsistent, often leaving minority communities vulnerable. The study underscores the importance of digital literacy, public awareness campaigns, and proactive governmental measures to ensure that online spaces contribute positively to social cohesion rather than deepening marginalization. The implications extend beyond Indonesia, offering insights into the global challenges of protecting minority rights in an increasingly digital world.