Indonesian Education Policy and Justice Review
type: channel
description: The Indonesian Education Policy and Justice Review (IEPJR) is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary journal that explores the dynamic relationship between education, law, and justice in Indonesia and comparable educational ecosystems across the Global South. The journal provides a critical forum for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to analyze how education systems, legal frameworks, and governance structures shape equitable access to learning, academic freedom, social mobility, and human development. Rooted in a justice-oriented paradigm, IEPJR seeks to interrogate how education policies either reproduce or dismantle systemic inequalities across social, economic, religious, cultural, and geographic lines. With Indonesia’s diverse population and decentralized governance structure, educational justice is a pressing and multifaceted issue, encompassing not only questions of access and quality but also deeper legal and ethical considerations surrounding inclusion, curriculum reform, rights-based education, and institutional accountability. The journal aims to promote scholarly contributions that critically engage with the legal underpinnings of education policy, the role of national and global forces in shaping educational access, and the lived experiences of students, teachers, and communities as they navigate the educational system.
publisher: The Network of Indonesian Legal and Justice Researchers
language: en
publication name: Indonesian Education Policy and Justice Review
copyright: All writings published in this journal are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal or the authors’ affiliated institutions. Authors retain copyrights without any restriction under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
items: Pregnancy and the Right to Education: Legal and Social Dimensions of Expelling Adolescent Girls in Indonesia
items: Regulating Student Violence: Discipline, Protection, and Justice in Contemporary School Systems
items: Poverty, Schooling, and the Limits of Equal Access: Rethinking Educational Justice in Developing Contexts
items: Inclusive Education beyond Legal Mandates: Institutional Capacity, Vulnerability, and Unequal Learning Opportunities
items: Educating Diversity: Policy Design, Cultural Recognition, and Educational Justice in Plural Societies
items: Beyond the Classroom: The Impact of Indonesia's National Education Standards on Educational Equity and Justice
items: The Impact of Indonesian Religious Schools on National Education Justice: A Policy Review
items: Teachers on the Frontline: Examining the Effectiveness of Teacher Training Programs in Promoting Educational Justice in Indonesia
items: Inclusive Education or Exclusion? The Struggle for Rights and Justice for Disabled Students in Indonesia’s Education System
items: The Jakarta School Strike: Student Activism and the Fight for Climate Justice in Indonesia’s Curriculum
items: From Access to Quality: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Indonesia’s 9-Year Compulsory Education Law in Rural Areas
items: The Role of Technology in Bridging or Widening the Educational Gap: A Critical Review of E-Learning Policies in Indonesia
items: Language Politics and Education Justice: How Indonesia’s Bilingual Education Policy Affects Ethnic Minorities
items: Discrimination in the Classroom: The Challenge of Addressing Gender Inequality in Indonesia's Education System
items: Rethinking Education in Indonesia: Analyzing the 2020 Freedom of Learning Policy and Its Impact on Educational Inequality
items: Youth and Education: How Indonesia’s Education System Is Shaping the Next Generation of Leaders
items: Promoting Educational Justice Through Digital Learning: The Case of Indonesia’s Online Education Policies
items: Education for All? A Review of the Implementation of Indonesia’s 12-Year Compulsory Education Policy
items: Public vs. Private Education: Assessing the Justice of Indonesia’s Education System
items: The Role of Parents and Community in Education Policy: Ensuring Inclusive Governance in Indonesian Schools
items: The Future of Indonesian Education Policy: Integrating Sustainability and Climate Change into School Curricula
items: Inclusive Education in Indonesia: A Case Study of Policies Supporting Migrant and Refugee Children
items: Educational Justice in Indonesia’s Vocational Training Sector: Challenges and Policy Implications
items: The Impact of National Standardized Testing on Educational Equity in Indonesia
items: Language and Education Policy: Navigating the Tensions Between National Identity and Regional Diversity
items: Child Labor and Education Access: Exploring Policy Gaps and Solutions in Indonesia
items: The Role of Higher Education in Promoting Social Mobility in Indonesia
items: Educational Reform and the Fight Against Corruption: A Critical Review of Policy Initiatives in Indonesian Education
items: School Funding and Social Justice: Addressing Disparities in Education Resources Across Indonesia
items: From Local to National: The Role of Regional Education Policies in Promoting Educational Equity

Pregnancy and the Right to Education: Legal and Social Dimensions of Expelling Adolescent Girls in Indonesia
type: item
description: Adolescent pregnancy remains a highly stigmatized phenomenon in many societies, with significant implications for the right to education. In Indonesia, a growing number of schools expel pregnant students, raising critical questions about the intersection of gender, law, and social norms. This article examines the legal and social dimensions of such expulsions, analyzing how education policies, school regulations, and cultural attitudes shape the experiences of adolescent girls. While the Indonesian Constitution and national education laws formally guarantee the right to education, these rights often clash with prevailing moral and social expectations surrounding teenage pregnancy. Using a combination of policy analysis, case studies, and media reports, the study reveals that school expulsions are not merely administrative decisions but are influenced by broader societal pressures, including stigma, community norms, and gendered expectations of morality. The findings highlight a persistent gap between formal legal protections and actual educational practices, illustrating how adolescent girls’ rights are subordinated to normative social judgments. Moreover, the expulsions have long-term consequences for the social and economic well-being of affected students, perpetuating cycles of inequality and limiting opportunities for upward mobility. The article argues that addressing this issue requires more than legal reform; it demands integrated strategies that combine rights-based education policies, community engagement, and awareness-raising initiatives to challenge stigma and support pregnant students’ continued education. By situating the issue of school expulsions within broader debates on gender justice, educational equity, and adolescent rights, the study contributes to international scholarship on education, law, and social policy in developing contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adolescent Pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: Right to Education
  topic: keywords
subject: School Expulsion
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Nusantara Putra Wibisono
creator: Muhammad Aryadipta
creator: Isabela Nogueira
creator: Matthias Enzo Tavares
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nusantara Putra Wibisono, Muhammad Aryadipta, Isabela Nogueira, Matthias Enzo Tavares (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
doi: 10.65815/0xv3v187

Regulating Student Violence: Discipline, Protection, and Justice in Contemporary School Systems
type: item
description: Student violence remains a critical challenge for education systems, raising complex questions about discipline, protection, and justice. This article examines how school regulations address student violence and the implications for educational justice. Using policy analysis from Indonesia, the study highlights tensions between punitive disciplinary approaches and protective frameworks centered on students’ rights. The findings indicate that regulatory responses often prioritize institutional order and reputational concerns over contextual understanding and prevention. As a result, disciplinary measures may exacerbate exclusion rather than address underlying causes of violence. This article argues that justice-oriented school regulation requires an integrated approach that balances discipline with protection and restorative principles. The study contributes to international debates on safe learning environments and rights-based education governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Student Violence
  topic: keywords
subject: School Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Discipline
  topic: keywords
subject: Children’s Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Rodiyah Rodiyah
creator: Mariana Vasconcelos
creator: Asyaffa Rizqi Amandha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rodiyah Rodiyah, Mariana Vasconcelos, Asyaffa Rizqi Amandha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
doi: 10.65815/5sacqv59

Poverty, Schooling, and the Limits of Equal Access: Rethinking Educational Justice in Developing Contexts
type: item
description: Despite extensive policy commitments to universal education, poverty continues to structure unequal access to schooling in many developing contexts. This article critically examines how education policies interact with socioeconomic inequality, using Indonesia as an illustrative case. While education laws and policies formally guarantee equal access, indirect costs, uneven resource allocation, and administrative discretion disproportionately affect low-income communities. The findings reveal that educational exclusion is not merely a consequence of individual disadvantage but is embedded within policy implementation practices that fail to address structural poverty. This article argues that equal access frameworks, when detached from social context, obscure deeper forms of injustice. Rethinking educational justice requires shifting from formal equality toward policies that explicitly confront socioeconomic vulnerability. By linking education policy to poverty dynamics, this study contributes to international debates on inequality, justice, and education governance in developing countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Developing Contexts
  topic: keywords
creator: Baskara Wijaya
creator: Widyatama Surya Prakoso
creator: Almira Safitri Rahma
creator: Rizkiana Putri Amalia
creator: Hariz Aiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Baskara Wijaya, Widyatama Surya Prakoso, Almira Safitri Rahma, Rizkiana Putri Amalia, Hariz Aiman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
doi: 10.65815/n6x3rn90

Inclusive Education beyond Legal Mandates: Institutional Capacity, Vulnerability, and Unequal Learning Opportunities
type: item
description: Inclusive education has become a central commitment in global education agendas, particularly concerning students with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. Despite strong legal and policy mandates, inclusive education often remains unevenly implemented. This article examines the structural limitations of inclusive education policies by focusing on institutional capacity and social vulnerability. Drawing on the Indonesian context, the study analyzes how schools interpret and operationalize inclusive education within resource-constrained environments. The findings demonstrate that inclusion is frequently reduced to administrative compliance rather than meaningful participation, as schools face shortages of trained teachers, inadequate infrastructure, and limited inter-agency coordination. Consequently, students with special needs often remain physically present but socially excluded from learning processes. This article argues that inclusive education cannot be achieved through legal mandates alone but requires sustained institutional investment and policy designs sensitive to social realities. By highlighting the interaction between policy ideals and institutional constraints, the study contributes to broader international debates on educational inequality and the limits of rights-based policy approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inclusive Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Disability
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: Education Policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Hisham Anwar
creator: Malak Noura
creator: Chen Yixuan
creator: Abigael Navarro
creator: Ratnadewi Putri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hisham Anwar, Malak Noura, Chen Yixuan, Abigael Navarro, Ratnadewi Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
doi: 10.65815/qnj7pq37

Educating Diversity: Policy Design, Cultural Recognition, and Educational Justice in Plural Societies
type: item
description: Increasing cultural diversity poses significant challenges for education systems, particularly in plural societies where social cohesion and equality remain contested. This article examines how education policies address cultural diversity and recognition, focusing on the relationship between policy design and educational justice. Using Indonesia as a contextual case, the study explores how multicultural principles are articulated in formal education policies and how they operate in practice. Although policies emphasize tolerance, inclusivity, and national unity, their implementation often marginalizes minority identities through standardized curricula and administrative uniformity. The findings reveal that cultural recognition in education is frequently symbolic rather than substantive, failing to address power asymmetries and social exclusion experienced by minority groups. This article argues that educational justice in multicultural societies requires policies that move beyond formal inclusion toward meaningful recognition of cultural difference. By linking education policy with broader debates on justice and recognition, this study contributes to international discussions on diversity governance in education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Multicultural Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: Education Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Plural Societies
  topic: keywords
creator: Narendra Maheswara
creator: Putri Kania Tisnawati
creator: Mohd Rayyan Fattah Abd Malik
creator: Omar Fawzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Narendra Maheswara, Putri Kania Tisnawati, Mohd Rayyan Fattah Abd Malik, Omar Fawzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 30
doi: 10.65815/xgh4dz77

Beyond the Classroom: The Impact of Indonesia's National Education Standards on Educational Equity and Justice
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of Indonesia’s national education standards on educational equity and justice, focusing on the extent to which these standards promote or hinder equal access to quality education across different regions and socio-economic groups. Indonesia’s national education standards are designed to ensure a uniform quality of education; however, disparities in implementation persist, particularly in rural and marginalized areas. The paper analyzes the alignment of national standards with local contexts, assessing how these standards address or overlook regional, cultural, and socio-economic differences. Using data from government reports, educational surveys, and interviews with educators, the research highlights how standardization may inadvertently perpetuate educational inequalities by failing to account for local needs and disparities in resources. The findings suggest that while the standards provide a framework for educational quality, they do not fully address the specific challenges faced by disadvantaged communities. The paper concludes by recommending reforms that allow for more flexibility in the application of national standards, enabling schools to tailor their approaches while still meeting essential educational goals. This approach would help ensure greater equity and justice within Indonesia’s education system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: education standards
  topic: keywords
subject: educational equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: national policy
  topic: keywords
subject: educational justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Subagio Utama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Subagio Utama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
doi: 10.65815/nvggg160

The Impact of Indonesian Religious Schools on National Education Justice: A Policy Review
type: item
description: This paper explores the role of religious schools in Indonesia’s education system and their impact on national education justice. Religious schools, particularly Islamic madrassas, play a significant role in the educational landscape of Indonesia, educating millions of students each year. However, the relationship between religious and secular education has raised questions about equity, inclusivity, and the broader societal impacts of such schooling. The research provides a comprehensive policy review of the integration of religious schools into the national education system, assessing their role in both promoting and hindering educational equity. The study examines the curricula, funding, and access to resources in religious schools, comparing them to public schools in terms of educational outcomes and opportunities for marginalized groups. The findings suggest that while religious schools provide an important avenue for education, disparities in funding, infrastructure, and access to higher education remain significant challenges. The paper concludes by recommending policy reforms to ensure that religious schools are better integrated into the broader education system, with increased support for resources, curriculum development, and opportunities for all students regardless of their religious background.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Religious Schools, Education Justice, Indonesia, Policy Review, Madrassas
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Arif
creator: Bagas Kurniawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Arif, Bagas Kurniawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
doi: 10.65815/0cmsy725

Teachers on the Frontline: Examining the Effectiveness of Teacher Training Programs in Promoting Educational Justice in Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper examines the effectiveness of teacher training programs in Indonesia in promoting educational justice, particularly in rural and marginalized communities. Teacher quality is a key determinant of educational outcomes, yet there are persistent disparities in teacher qualifications, training, and distribution across the country. The study evaluates the impact of both pre-service and in-service teacher training programs aimed at enhancing teaching effectiveness and addressing educational inequalities. Using interviews with teachers, administrators, and policymakers, as well as data on teacher performance and student achievement, the paper assesses how well these programs equip educators to meet the diverse needs of students, especially in under-resourced areas. The findings suggest that while some training programs are successful in improving teaching skills, many teachers still face challenges in applying learned strategies in classrooms due to large class sizes, inadequate resources, and a lack of ongoing professional development. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving teacher training, including more context-specific curriculum, mentoring programs, and continuous support to enhance educational equity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teacher Training, Educational Justice, Indonesia, Professional Development, Rural Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Vina Amelia Wijayanti
creator: Rizki Dwi Purnama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vina Amelia Wijayanti, Rizki Dwi Purnama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
doi: 10.65815/8c146c82

Inclusive Education or Exclusion? The Struggle for Rights and Justice for Disabled Students in Indonesia’s Education System
type: item
description: This study investigates the inclusivity of Indonesia’s education system for students with disabilities, assessing how current policies and practices uphold or hinder educational justice for disabled students. Despite Indonesia’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, research reveals significant gaps between policy and practice in the inclusion of disabled students in mainstream schools. The paper uses case studies, interviews with educators and disabled students, and analysis of government policies to evaluate how schools accommodate students with disabilities. Findings show that while some urban schools have made progress in implementing inclusive education, schools in rural areas face significant barriers such as inadequate infrastructure, lack of specialized training for teachers, and limited resources for supporting students with disabilities. The study concludes by urging policy reforms, including better enforcement of inclusive education laws, improvements in teacher professional development, and greater investment in accessible school infrastructure to ensure that disabled students can fully participate in the educational system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inclusive Education, Disability Rights, Education Justice, Indonesia, Policy Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Oliver Nicholas Davidson
creator: Elizabeth McAllister
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oliver Nicholas Davidson, Elizabeth McAllister (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
doi: 10.65815/ghjq2s68

The Jakarta School Strike: Student Activism and the Fight for Climate Justice in Indonesia’s Curriculum
type: item
description: This paper explores the role of student activism in advocating for climate justice within Indonesia’s education system, focusing on the 2020 Jakarta school strike. The strike, organized by high school students, was a response to the lack of comprehensive climate change education in the national curriculum. Through an analysis of the strike’s goals, media coverage, and interviews with student leaders and educators, the study examines the ways in which student activism has challenged the traditional, rigid educational framework and called for the integration of environmental education and climate justice into school curricula. The paper investigates how student-led movements are influencing education policy in Indonesia and the broader societal debate on climate change. Findings suggest that while the strike garnered significant public attention, it also revealed the deep gaps in the current curriculum’s ability to address environmental issues. The paper argues that climate justice education is a vital component of preparing the next generation to confront global challenges. It concludes with recommendations for incorporating climate change education into the formal curriculum, teacher training programs, and promoting youth engagement in environmental decision-making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Student Activism, Climate Justice, Indonesia, Curriculum Reform, Environmental Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Syafira Nabila Zahra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Syafira Nabila Zahra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
doi: 10.65815/at8zdr85

From Access to Quality: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Indonesia’s 9-Year Compulsory Education Law in Rural Areas
type: item
description: This paper evaluates the effectiveness of Indonesia’s 9-year compulsory education law, with a specific focus on its impact in rural areas. While the law aims to provide universal access to basic education, challenges in terms of quality and retention remain, particularly in remote and underserved regions. The study investigates the barriers to education faced by children in rural areas, including socio-economic factors, infrastructure deficits, and teacher shortages. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data—such as government reports, interviews with local educators, and surveys of rural families—the paper examines the extent to which the law has translated into meaningful educational outcomes. The research highlights significant regional disparities in educational access and quality, where some rural schools struggle with inadequate resources and lack of qualified teachers. The paper finds that while enrollment rates have improved, the law’s success in providing high-quality education is uneven across the country. It concludes by recommending a more targeted approach to policy implementation, emphasizing investment in rural education infrastructure, teacher training, and community engagement to improve both access and educational quality in these areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Compulsory Education, Rural Education, Indonesia, Education Policy, Quality Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Alifia Mutiara Rahmawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alifia Mutiara Rahmawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
doi: 10.65815/2rsah007

The Role of Technology in Bridging or Widening the Educational Gap: A Critical Review of E-Learning Policies in Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper critically reviews the role of technology in bridging or widening the educational gap in Indonesia, with a particular focus on the government’s e-learning policies. The rapid adoption of online education, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has highlighted both the potential and the limitations of digital learning tools. The research investigates how Indonesia’s e-learning policies have been implemented at various educational levels, especially in remote and disadvantaged regions. Using a combination of policy analysis, interviews with teachers and students, and case studies of e-learning initiatives, the study explores the challenges related to access, digital literacy, and infrastructure. Findings reveal that while e-learning offers opportunities for expanding access to education, it also exacerbates existing disparities due to unequal access to technology and internet connectivity. The study argues that without targeted policies to address the digital divide, e-learning may further marginalize low-income students and those in rural areas. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving e-learning policies, including investments in digital infrastructure, teacher training in technology, and providing students with affordable access to devices and the internet.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-Learning, Digital Divide, Educational Gap, Indonesia, Technology in Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Larasati Fadilah Utami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Larasati Fadilah Utami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
doi: 10.65815/eg4gjm95

Language Politics and Education Justice: How Indonesia’s Bilingual Education Policy Affects Ethnic Minorities
type: item
description: This paper explores the intersection of language politics and education justice in Indonesia, focusing on the impact of the country’s bilingual education policy on ethnic minority groups. Indonesia’s national language, Bahasa Indonesia, serves as the primary medium of instruction in schools, but the policy also supports the use of local languages in the early years of schooling in certain regions. This research examines how the bilingual education policy affects ethnic minorities, particularly in areas where indigenous languages are spoken. Through fieldwork in ethnically diverse regions, the study investigates how the implementation of the bilingual policy influences educational outcomes for students from ethnic minority backgrounds, who may face challenges in transitioning from their mother tongue to Bahasa Indonesia. Interviews with students, teachers, and parents provide insights into how language barriers impact learning, student engagement, and academic achievement. The findings suggest that while the bilingual policy helps preserve local languages, it may also create inequities by not providing sufficient support for students transitioning to the national language. The paper concludes by recommending improvements to the bilingual education policy, including better teacher training in multilingual pedagogy and greater support for local language preservation alongside national language proficiency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bilingual Education, Language Politics, Ethnic Minorities, Indonesia, Education Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Rizky Septian Andrian
creator: Dwi Arifah Rahmadhani
creator: Naufal Khairunnisa Zahran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rizky Septian Andrian, Dwi Arifah Rahmadhani, Naufal Khairunnisa Zahran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
doi: 10.65815/9bevk817

Discrimination in the Classroom: The Challenge of Addressing Gender Inequality in Indonesia's Education System
type: item
description: This paper investigates gender inequality in Indonesia’s education system, focusing on the challenges and policies aimed at addressing discrimination in the classroom. Despite legal frameworks promoting gender equality, female students often face barriers to full participation in education, particularly in rural and conservative regions. Through interviews with teachers, students, and gender equality experts, the research explores how cultural norms, biases, and stereotypes perpetuate gender disparities in educational opportunities, subject choice, and academic outcomes. The study highlights the role of teachers’ gendered expectations and curriculum content in reinforcing gender norms that limit girls’ educational aspirations and achievements. Furthermore, it examines the impact of school policies and government initiatives designed to combat gender inequality, such as gender-sensitive curricula and teacher training programs. Findings suggest that while there have been improvements in policy and practice, significant challenges remain in changing deeply entrenched societal attitudes towards gender roles. The paper concludes by recommending a more comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to gender equality in education, which includes reforming teaching practices, promoting female leadership in education, and enhancing community engagement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender Inequality, Education, Indonesia, Discrimination, Gender-Sensitive Policies
  topic: keywords
creator: Gilang Pramudya Saputra
creator: Dwi Ayuningtyas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gilang Pramudya Saputra, Dwi Ayuningtyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
doi: 10.65815/067hmf14

Rethinking Education in Indonesia: Analyzing the 2020 Freedom of Learning Policy and Its Impact on Educational Inequality
type: item
description: This paper analyzes the 2020 Freedom of Learning Policy (Kebijakan Merdeka Belajar) introduced by Indonesia’s Ministry of Education and Culture and its potential to address educational inequality. The policy emphasizes flexible learning pathways, the reduction of centralized exams, and the promotion of competency-based assessments. By examining the policy’s objectives, implementation strategies, and early outcomes, the study assesses its effectiveness in reducing disparities in educational access and quality across different regions and socio-economic groups. Using qualitative methods, including interviews with policymakers, educators, and students, the research investigates how the policy has been received by schools, particularly in marginalized areas. Findings indicate that while the policy has been well-received in urban centers, challenges remain in its implementation in rural and remote schools, where infrastructure and teacher capacity are limited. The study concludes by offering recommendations for ensuring that the Freedom of Learning Policy effectively addresses educational inequality, including better resource allocation, teacher professional development, and monitoring of policy outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Freedom Of Learning, Educational Inequality, Indonesia, Policy Analysis, Educational Reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Kirana Dwi Ayu Saputri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kirana Dwi Ayu Saputri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
doi: 10.65815/zm7ty679

Youth and Education: How Indonesia’s Education System Is Shaping the Next Generation of Leaders
type: item
description: This study explores the role of Indonesia’s education system in shaping the country’s future leaders, focusing on how the curriculum, teaching methods, and extracurricular activities contribute to the development of leadership skills among youth. Through a combination of surveys, interviews with educators and students, and content analysis of educational curricula, the research investigates how leadership is fostered in both formal education settings and informal learning environments. The findings suggest that while Indonesia’s education system provides opportunities for leadership development, there are significant gaps in equipping students with critical thinking, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills that are essential for effective leadership. Moreover, the paper examines how socio-economic and regional disparities influence students’ access to leadership opportunities. The study concludes with recommendations for reform, including the integration of more participatory and student-centered pedagogies, the promotion of extracurricular programs that foster leadership, and a greater focus on nurturing diverse leadership qualities in all students, regardless of their background.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Youth Leadership, Education System, Indonesia, Educational Reform, Leadership Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Sebastian William Fitzgerald
creator: Charlotte Isabelle
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sebastian William Fitzgerald, Charlotte Isabelle (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
doi: 10.65815/am5x0s48

Promoting Educational Justice Through Digital Learning: The Case of Indonesia’s Online Education Policies
type: item
description: This paper explores the potential of digital learning to promote educational justice in Indonesia, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent rise of online education. The research investigates the government’s online education policies and their effectiveness in providing equitable access to quality education across diverse regions of Indonesia. Using a combination of policy analysis, surveys, and interviews with students, teachers, and educational administrators, the study assesses the digital divide in terms of access to technology, internet connectivity, and digital literacy. The findings reveal that while online education has the potential to democratize learning, significant gaps in digital infrastructure and teacher preparedness undermine its effectiveness, especially in rural and economically disadvantaged areas. The paper argues that to achieve educational justice, digital learning policies must be accompanied by investments in technology infrastructure, targeted digital literacy programs for teachers and students, and strategies to address socio-economic inequalities that limit access to online education. The paper concludes by recommending comprehensive reforms to ensure that digital learning can be a tool for equity, rather than a source of further disparity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Learning, Educational Justice, Indonesia, Online Education, Digital Divide
  topic: keywords
creator: Dian Nurul Fadhilah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dian Nurul Fadhilah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
doi: 10.65815/5c7k1e81

Education for All? A Review of the Implementation of Indonesia’s 12-Year Compulsory Education Policy
type: item
description: This paper reviews the implementation of Indonesia’s 12-year compulsory education policy, which aims to ensure that all children, regardless of socio-economic background, receive at least 12 years of education. While the policy has led to significant improvements in enrollment rates, particularly in remote areas, challenges remain in its full realization. Using a combination of statistical analysis and interviews with government officials, educators, and families, the paper assesses the barriers to achieving universal access to education, including financial constraints, insufficient infrastructure, and regional disparities. The findings suggest that while the policy has expanded access, educational quality and retention rates remain uneven, especially in rural and impoverished areas. The research highlights the need for targeted interventions to support at-risk students and ensure that education is not only accessible but also of high quality. The paper concludes by proposing enhancements to the policy, including increased government investment in school infrastructure, teacher professional development, and the creation of support mechanisms for economically disadvantaged families.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Compulsory Education, Education Policy, Indonesia, Educational Access, Policy Implementation
  topic: keywords
creator: Azaria Dwi Putri Azzahra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Azaria Dwi Putri Azzahra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
doi: 10.65815/bkxg2f14

Public vs. Private Education: Assessing the Justice of Indonesia’s Education System
type: item
description: This study critically assesses the justice of Indonesia’s education system through the lens of the public versus private education divide. While private schools are often perceived to offer higher-quality education, public schools continue to serve the majority of students, especially in rural and economically disadvantaged areas. The paper examines the socio-economic factors that influence access to quality education, highlighting the disparities in infrastructure, resources, teacher quality, and extracurricular opportunities between public and private institutions. Drawing on data from national surveys, interviews with educators, and case studies of both public and private schools, the research identifies key areas where public schools lag behind in providing equitable educational opportunities. The findings indicate that while private schools often offer better facilities and personalized attention, public schools are disproportionately attended by students from lower-income families, exacerbating social inequalities. The paper argues that these disparities raise significant questions about the fairness and inclusivity of Indonesia’s education system. It concludes with policy recommendations to improve public education quality, including increased funding, targeted teacher training, and a more equitable distribution of educational resources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public Education, Private Education, Educational Equity, Indonesia, Socio-Economic Disparities
  topic: keywords
creator: Nisa Alia
creator: Rania Nadira
creator: Siti Hawa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nisa Alia, Rania Nadira, Siti Hawa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
doi: 10.65815/2sae5459

The Role of Parents and Community in Education Policy: Ensuring Inclusive Governance in Indonesian Schools
type: item
description: This paper examines the role of parents and local communities in shaping education policy and governance in Indonesian schools. While central government policies guide the education system, local stakeholders—especially parents and community members—play a crucial role in the effective implementation of these policies. The research focuses on how community involvement contributes to educational outcomes, particularly in marginalized regions. Using qualitative methods, including interviews with parents, teachers, and policymakers, the study explores how schools can better engage local communities in decision-making processes, curriculum design, and school management. The findings reveal that schools with strong parental and community engagement tend to have higher levels of student achievement and satisfaction. However, challenges such as lack of awareness, insufficient communication channels, and cultural barriers to active participation are significant. The paper concludes by proposing strategies to strengthen community involvement, including improving parental education programs, fostering inclusive governance structures, and enhancing communication between schools and communities. These changes are crucial for promoting educational equity and ensuring that all students benefit from a collaborative, community-driven education system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Community Involvement, Education Policy, Inclusive Governance, Indonesia, Parental Engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: Aurelianova Amalia Puspita
creator: Aditya Yoga Prasetyo
creator: Siti Sarah Nordin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aurelianova Amalia Puspita, Aditya Yoga Prasetyo, Siti Sarah Nordin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-31
publication date: 2025-01-31
doi: 10.65815/a9vd4p62

The Future of Indonesian Education Policy: Integrating Sustainability and Climate Change into School Curricula
type: item
description: This paper explores the integration of sustainability and climate change education into Indonesia’s national school curricula. As global environmental challenges become increasingly urgent, the role of education in fostering environmental awareness and promoting sustainable practices is crucial. The study examines current curriculum frameworks and educational policies to assess how well they incorporate sustainability and climate change topics. Through policy analysis and interviews with educators and curriculum developers, the research identifies strengths and gaps in the integration of environmental education. Findings suggest that while sustainability is addressed in some areas of the curriculum, there is a lack of coherence and consistency in how climate change is taught across schools, particularly in rural and remote regions. The paper argues for a more structured and unified approach to incorporating environmental education, proposing specific policy changes to ensure that sustainability and climate change are embedded in all levels of education. Recommendations include revising the national curriculum to include more practical, action-oriented content, training teachers in environmental education, and fostering partnerships between schools, environmental organizations, and local communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainability, Climate Change, Education Policy, Indonesia, Curriculum Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Prasetyo Bagus
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Prasetyo Bagus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
doi: 10.65815/ppk7qe95

Inclusive Education in Indonesia: A Case Study of Policies Supporting Migrant and Refugee Children
type: item
description: This study investigates the effectiveness of inclusive education policies in Indonesia, with a specific focus on migrant and refugee children. Indonesia, as a transit and destination country for migrants and refugees, faces unique challenges in integrating these children into the formal education system. The research examines existing policies supporting the inclusion of migrant and refugee children, focusing on the barriers they face in accessing education, such as language differences, legal status, and socio-economic challenges. Through a case study approach, the paper analyzes the experiences of migrant and refugee students in Indonesian schools, using interviews with educators, students, and NGOs. Findings suggest that while there are policies in place to support inclusion, gaps remain in terms of implementation, teacher training, and access to resources. The study concludes by offering recommendations for enhancing inclusive education for migrant and refugee children, including language support programs, greater collaboration between government agencies and NGOs, and the creation of safe learning environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inclusive Education, Migrant Children, Refugee Children, Indonesia, Policy Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Tinnakorn Rattanakorn
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Tinnakorn Rattanakorn (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
doi: 10.65815/ddc2ng45

Educational Justice in Indonesia’s Vocational Training Sector: Challenges and Policy Implications
type: item
description: This paper explores educational justice within Indonesia’s vocational training sector, focusing on the challenges faced by students in accessing quality vocational education and training (VET). As Indonesia strives to develop a skilled workforce to support its growing economy, disparities in vocational education access and quality persist, particularly in rural and economically disadvantaged areas. The study analyzes the alignment of vocational training programs with labor market needs, examining policy initiatives and the experiences of VET students, educators, and employers. The research identifies several barriers to equitable access, including insufficient funding, limited infrastructure, and outdated curricula that fail to meet industry standards. The paper also highlights the role of gender, socio-economic status, and geographic location in shaping access to vocational opportunities. Based on these findings, the paper proposes policy reforms aimed at improving equity in vocational education, including increased investment in rural VET institutions, curriculum updates aligned with current labor market demands, and targeted support for marginalized groups.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vocational Education, Educational Justice, Indonesia, Policy Implications, Skills Training
  topic: keywords
creator: Dedi Yudi
creator: I Nyoman Wayan
creator: Nadirah Aisyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Dedi Yudi, I Nyoman Wayan, Nadirah Aisyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
doi: 10.65815/3dkkak14

The Impact of National Standardized Testing on Educational Equity in Indonesia
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of national standardized testing on educational equity in Indonesia, focusing on how standardized assessments influence educational outcomes across diverse socio-economic and regional contexts. While the Indonesian government’s reliance on national exams aims to establish uniform standards, it has been critiqued for exacerbating inequalities, particularly among students from disadvantaged backgrounds. The paper evaluates the implications of standardized testing on students’ academic opportunities, using data from national assessments and interviews with students, educators, and policymakers. The research reveals that the emphasis on standardized tests places undue pressure on schools in under-resourced regions, where students often lack access to quality teaching, infrastructure, and learning materials. Furthermore, the focus on exam results marginalizes non-cognitive skills, such as creativity and critical thinking, which are crucial for holistic development. The study concludes by recommending reforms to the national testing system, such as incorporating alternative assessment methods and providing more equitable support for schools in disadvantaged areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Standardized Testing, Educational Equity, Indonesia, National Exams, Policy Impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Zainal Hendri
creator: Zahra Rania
creator: Fransiskus Yohanes
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Zainal Hendri, Zahra Rania, Fransiskus Yohanes (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
doi: 10.65815/zqv9zh44

Language and Education Policy: Navigating the Tensions Between National Identity and Regional Diversity
type: item
description: This paper examines the tensions between national identity and regional linguistic diversity in Indonesia’s education policy. As a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual nation, Indonesia faces significant challenges in balancing the promotion of the national language, Bahasa Indonesia, with the preservation of local languages and cultural identities. The study explores how education policies, particularly those related to language instruction, navigate these tensions. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzes national and regional language policies, interviews with educators, and case studies of language use in schools across various provinces. Findings indicate that while Bahasa Indonesia serves as a unifying force, the dominance of the national language often marginalizes local languages, leading to the erosion of cultural identity and a loss of linguistic diversity. The paper argues for a more inclusive approach that integrates regional languages into the curriculum while maintaining the primacy of the national language. It concludes by recommending policy adjustments that promote multilingual education, ensuring both national unity and the preservation of Indonesia’s rich linguistic heritage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Language Policy, Education, National Identity, Regional Diversity, Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Christian Andreas
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Christian Andreas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
doi: 10.65815/d2w1z939

Child Labor and Education Access: Exploring Policy Gaps and Solutions in Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper explores the relationship between child labor and access to education in Indonesia, focusing on the policy gaps that contribute to the persistence of child labor and its detrimental impact on educational outcomes. Despite laws prohibiting child labor, millions of children in Indonesia remain engaged in work that prevents them from attending school regularly. The research analyzes existing policies aimed at reducing child labor and increasing educational access, examining the challenges in policy enforcement, socio-economic factors, and cultural attitudes toward education and work. Through interviews with government officials, NGOs, educators, and affected families, the paper identifies key barriers that prevent children from attending school, including financial hardship, inadequate school infrastructure, and the lack of enforcement of labor laws. The findings suggest that while some policy measures have been successful in reducing child labor, more comprehensive and integrated approaches are needed to ensure that all children have access to quality education. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy improvements, such as enhancing social protection programs for families, strengthening enforcement of labor laws, and providing flexible education options for children in vulnerable situations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Child Labor, Education Access, Indonesia, Policy Gaps, Educational Equity
  topic: keywords
creator: Jack Richards
creator: Ella Davis
creator: Denny Setiawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Jack Richards, Ella Davis, Denny Setiawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/2bfgyp34

The Role of Higher Education in Promoting Social Mobility in Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper examines the role of higher education in promoting social mobility in Indonesia, focusing on how access to and outcomes from higher education can alter socio-economic trajectories. Despite the expansion of higher education institutions in recent years, access remains unequal, with significant barriers faced by students from low-income, rural, and ethnic minority backgrounds. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and interviews with university students, graduates, and policymakers, the paper assesses the factors that enable or hinder social mobility through higher education. The study finds that while higher education provides substantial opportunities for social mobility, disparities in access, quality, and financial support continue to limit opportunities for disadvantaged students. The paper concludes by recommending policy reforms to increase access to higher education for marginalized groups, such as improving scholarship programs, increasing public-private partnerships, and enhancing career support services for graduates from lower socio-economic backgrounds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Higher Education, Social Mobility, Indonesia, Educational Access, Policy Reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Farhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Farhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/a6mcv862

Educational Reform and the Fight Against Corruption: A Critical Review of Policy Initiatives in Indonesian Education
type: item
description: This paper critically reviews the intersection of educational reform and anti-corruption efforts in Indonesia’s education sector. Corruption has long been a significant barrier to the effective delivery of education in the country, undermining efforts to improve quality and equity. The study analyzes recent policy initiatives aimed at combating corruption within the education system, focusing on the mechanisms used to promote transparency, accountability, and resource efficiency. Through a review of government documents, policy reports, and interviews with stakeholders, the research assesses the impact of these initiatives on educational outcomes. Findings reveal that while some reforms have led to improvements in transparency, corruption remains a pervasive issue, particularly in the management of school funds and teacher appointments. The paper concludes by proposing further reforms, including stronger regulatory oversight, improved auditing processes, and enhanced civic engagement, to ensure that anti-corruption efforts lead to meaningful change in educational equity and quality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Educational Reform, Corruption, Indonesia, Policy Review, Transparency
  topic: keywords
creator: Dani Ramadhan
creator: Rina Amalia Putri
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Dani Ramadhan, Rina Amalia Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/n555py11

School Funding and Social Justice: Addressing Disparities in Education Resources Across Indonesia
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between school funding and social justice in Indonesia’s education system, focusing on the disparities in education resources between urban and rural schools. While the Indonesian government has made significant efforts to allocate funding to public education, there remains a wide gap in the distribution of resources, particularly in less developed regions. The research examines how unequal funding affects educational quality and outcomes, with particular attention to the availability of textbooks, infrastructure, and teacher training. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative data from a range of schools, the paper analyzes how financial disparities contribute to the perpetuation of educational inequality. The findings suggest that while national policies aimed at increasing funding to underprivileged schools have been beneficial, significant challenges remain in ensuring that these funds are effectively distributed and used. The paper calls for targeted reforms that address funding disparities, particularly for rural and under-resourced schools, and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and accountability in the allocation of resources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: School Funding, Social Justice, Education Disparities, Indonesia, Resource Allocation
  topic: keywords
creator: Anita Rahmawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Anita Rahmawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-31
publication date: 2024-07-31
doi: 10.65815/yp0qnz61

From Local to National: The Role of Regional Education Policies in Promoting Educational Equity
type: item
description: This paper examines the role of regional education policies in promoting educational equity across Indonesia, focusing on how local governments implement national educational reforms to address disparities. While Indonesia’s central government has set ambitious goals for equitable education, the success of these policies often depends on regional governments' capacity to adapt and implement them effectively. The study explores the extent to which regional policies are tailored to the unique needs of diverse communities, particularly in rural and remote areas. Using a mixed-methods approach, including policy analysis, case studies, and interviews with local education officials, the paper identifies both successful strategies and key challenges in achieving educational equity. Findings reveal that while some regions have made significant strides in improving educational access, disparities in resource allocation, teacher quality, and infrastructure persist. The paper concludes by recommending that regional policies be more closely aligned with local contexts, and that greater attention be paid to capacity-building at the local level to foster more equitable outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Regional Education Policies
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy Implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Local Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Gharbi
creator: Ahmad Arianto Mulyono
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed Gharbi, Ahmad Arianto Mulyono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
doi: 10.65815/67btad47