The Indonesian Economic Justice Review (IEJR) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that critically explores the intersection of law, economics, and justice with a particular focus on the Indonesian context and the broader Global South. As economic transformation continues to reshape societies, the journal provides a vital platform for examining how legal systems contribute to—or hinder—the realization of equitable economic development, inclusive growth, and structural fairness. IEJR is dedicated to publishing high-quality interdisciplinary research that interrogates the legal dimensions of economic justice across sectors such as taxation, labor, trade, land, investment, poverty alleviation, financial regulation, and sustainable development. Grounded in both legal scholarship and socio-economic analysis, the journal invites contributions that go beyond doctrinal approaches and engage with the lived experiences of individuals and communities affected by economic policy and governance. The journal’s central aim is to foster a deeper understanding of how legal norms, regulatory frameworks, and economic institutions can be designed to achieve fairness, reduce inequality, and promote human dignity. Special attention is given to the challenges faced by vulnerable populations, informal workers, women, and marginalized economic actors within Indonesia’s complex economic landscape.
The Network of Indonesian Legal and Justice Researchers
All writings published in this journal are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal or the authors’ affiliated institutions. Authors retain copyrights without any restriction under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
The Gig Economy and Economic Justice in Indonesia: Labor Rights in the Digital Age
This paper critically examines the rise of the gig economy in Indonesia, focusing on the economic justice issues faced by gig workers in the digital age. With the proliferation of online platforms like GoJek, Tokopedia, and Bukalapak, the gig economy has reshaped Indonesia’s labor market, offering flexible income opportunities but also exacerbating economic insecurity. The study explores the economic vulnerabilities of gig workers, such as lack of job security, absence of social benefits (health insurance, retirement plans), and low wages relative to the cost of living. It also investigates how these workers, often categorized as independent contractors rather than employees, face challenges in accessing labor rights and legal protections. The paper further analyzes the role of the state and platform companies in regulating labor conditions in the gig economy, critiquing current labor laws and their applicability to gig workers. Using case studies from various gig platforms, the paper assesses the broader implications of the gig economy on economic inequality, highlighting the social and economic exclusion of gig workers in Indonesia’s rapidly digitalizing economy. Finally, the paper suggests policy reforms aimed at ensuring better legal protections, social security benefits, and fair wages for gig workers, advocating for a more equitable and sustainable approach to digital labor.
gig economy, labor rights, economic justice, Indonesia, digital labor
Copyright (c) 2025 Jin Wen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Justice in Indonesia’s Healthcare System: A Critical Assessment of Healthcare Accessibility and Affordability
This paper provides a critical assessment of Indonesia’s healthcare system from an economic justice perspective, focusing on accessibility and affordability for all socioeconomic groups. Despite significant progress in expanding healthcare coverage under programs such as the National Health Insurance (JKN), challenges persist in providing equitable healthcare to marginalized populations, particularly in rural areas and among the urban poor. The paper analyzes how economic disparities affect access to quality healthcare, with a particular focus on out-of-pocket costs, the quality of care in rural versus urban areas, and the challenges faced by low-income households in affording essential services. Additionally, the study examines the structural barriers that hinder effective healthcare delivery, such as insufficient healthcare infrastructure, underpaid healthcare workers, and regional disparities in healthcare funding. The paper also evaluates the role of the government and private sector in ensuring healthcare access and affordability, exploring whether current policies address the social determinants of health and contribute to reducing inequality in healthcare. The study argues that while Indonesia’s healthcare reforms have expanded coverage, systemic inequalities persist, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for improving healthcare equity, including increasing public health investment, strengthening rural healthcare infrastructure, and improving the efficiency and transparency of the JKN system.
healthcare system, economic justice, Indonesia, accessibility, affordability
Copyright (c) 2025 Windiahsari Windiahsari, Riska Alkadri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tax Evasion and Economic Inequality: The Role of the State in Ensuring Fiscal Justice in Indonesia
This paper explores the critical issue of tax evasion in Indonesia and its role in exacerbating economic inequality. Despite being one of Southeast Asia’s largest economies, Indonesia’s tax revenue collection remains relatively low, due in part to widespread tax evasion, especially among large corporations and wealthy individuals. The study analyzes how tax evasion practices, including offshore tax havens, underreporting of income, and fraudulent deductions, contribute to the widening income gap between the rich and the poor. It critiques the role of the state in addressing these issues, examining the effectiveness of current tax policies, enforcement mechanisms, and anti-corruption measures. The paper also evaluates the social and economic consequences of tax evasion, particularly how it deprives the government of much-needed resources for public services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, which disproportionately impacts marginalized communities. By comparing Indonesia’s tax practices with those of other developing nations, the paper assesses the challenges faced by the government in implementing fiscal justice and ensuring that wealthier individuals and corporations pay their fair share of taxes. Finally, the study offers policy recommendations for improving tax compliance, strengthening enforcement, and increasing transparency in public financial management to foster a more equitable distribution of resources.
tax evasion, economic inequality, fiscal justice, Indonesia, tax policy
Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Sulistiyono, Muhammad Indra Pramono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indigenous Rights and Economic Justice in the Palm Oil Industry: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Indonesia
This paper explores the legal and ethical dimensions of the palm oil industry in Indonesia, focusing on the economic justice issues faced by indigenous communities whose land rights are undermined by palm oil plantations. Indonesia is one of the world’s largest producers of palm oil, but the expansion of palm oil plantations has led to significant environmental degradation and land dispossession, particularly among indigenous populations. The study examines the legal frameworks surrounding land rights in Indonesia, evaluating how existing laws either protect or undermine indigenous land claims in the context of industrial development. It also considers the role of multinational corporations in perpetuating land conflicts, using case studies from regions like Papua and Kalimantan where indigenous groups have faced displacement in favor of palm oil production. The paper critically analyzes the ethical implications of palm oil production, particularly regarding the balance between economic growth and the preservation of indigenous rights and livelihoods. Drawing on legal, environmental, and human rights perspectives, the paper argues that Indonesia’s palm oil industry, while driving economic growth, does so at the expense of social justice and sustainability. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at improving the legal protections for indigenous land rights, promoting ethical palm oil production, and fostering more sustainable and just economic development.
indigenous rights, palm oil industry, economic justice, land dispossession, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosyidi Hamzah, Fadhel Arjuna Adinda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Informal Economy and Social Justice: Understanding the Role of Informal Workers in Indonesia’s Economic Landscape
This paper examines the role of informal workers in Indonesia’s economy, focusing on their contributions to the national economy while highlighting the social and economic injustices they face. Informal workers, who make up a significant portion of Indonesia’s labor force, contribute substantially to sectors such as retail, agriculture, transportation, and construction. However, they often work in precarious conditions, lacking legal protections, social security, and access to basic labor rights. The study explores how the informal economy operates within Indonesia’s broader economic landscape, including its interactions with the formal economy and its impact on income inequality and social mobility. The paper investigates the challenges faced by informal workers, such as low wages, lack of healthcare and pension benefits, and limited opportunities for career advancement. It also considers the government’s role in regulating the informal economy and providing social protections for informal workers. The paper argues that while informal workers play a critical role in sustaining Indonesia’s economy, they remain vulnerable to exploitation and social exclusion. Finally, the study offers policy recommendations aimed at integrating informal workers into the formal economy, improving their working conditions, and ensuring their access to social protections, in order to promote economic justice for all workers in Indonesia.
informal economy, labor rights, social justice, Indonesia, economic inequality
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhra Putra Pamungkas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainability and Economic Justice: Indonesia’s Green Economy Policies and Their Impact on Economic Equality
This paper explores Indonesia’s green economy policies, analyzing their potential to promote both environmental sustainability and economic justice. As a country highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation, Indonesia has increasingly embraced green economy initiatives, such as promoting renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and eco-friendly industries. However, the question remains whether these policies contribute to economic justice by ensuring that marginalized communities, particularly in rural areas, benefit from the transition to a green economy. The paper examines how green policies have impacted economic opportunities, particularly for indigenous communities, small-scale farmers, and low-income urban populations. It assesses whether the green economy fosters inclusive development or whether it perpetuates inequalities by favoring wealthier segments of society, such as large corporations and urban elites, who have better access to green technologies and capital. The study critically analyzes the role of government and private sector initiatives in addressing the economic and social dimensions of sustainability, including the need for job creation, equitable access to green technologies, and protection of vulnerable populations from environmental harm. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at ensuring that Indonesia’s green economy transition supports both environmental sustainability and social equity, with a focus on creating economic opportunities for disadvantaged communities.
Green Economy, Sustainability, Economic Justice, Indonesia, Environmental Policy
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadia Amalia Putri, Fajar Muhammad Akbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inclusive Growth or Economic Exclusion? The Effect of Indonesia’s Investment Policies on Marginalized Communities
This paper critically examines the impact of Indonesia’s investment policies on marginalized communities, particularly ethnic minorities, rural populations, and low-income groups. While Indonesia has implemented various investment policies to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and stimulate economic growth, these policies have often been criticized for exacerbating social inequalities and failing to deliver inclusive growth. The study analyzes the role of government policies in shaping the distribution of economic benefits, particularly in relation to infrastructure projects, extractive industries, and urban development. By focusing on marginalized communities, such as the indigenous peoples of Papua and rural farmers in Java, the paper explores how large-scale investments have led to displacement, labor exploitation, and environmental degradation, often at the expense of local communities. The paper evaluates whether the benefits of FDI and economic growth are distributed equitably across society or if they mainly accrue to urban elites and multinational corporations. It also critiques the lack of safeguards in investment policies to protect marginalized groups from economic exclusion. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for fostering more inclusive economic growth, including strengthening community participation in development decisions, implementing better labor protections, and ensuring that investments prioritize long-term social and environmental sustainability.
Investment Policies, Economic Exclusion, Marginalized Communities, Indonesia, Inclusive Growth
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Kusuma Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender and Economic Justice: Examining the Economic Empowerment of Women in Indonesia’s Workforce
This paper examines the issue of gender inequality in Indonesia's labor market and the effectiveness of government policies in promoting women’s economic empowerment. Despite significant advances in education and legal protections for women in Indonesia, gender disparities persist, particularly in the workforce. Women are underrepresented in high-paying sectors and continue to face challenges such as the gender pay gap, limited access to career advancement opportunities, and discrimination in the workplace. The study explores the impact of various government policies, such as affirmative action programs, maternity leave regulations, and women’s entrepreneurship initiatives, in improving women’s economic rights and opportunities. It critically assesses whether these policies have succeeded in dismantling barriers to women’s full participation in the workforce and reducing gender-based economic disparities. The paper also examines the role of cultural norms and the informal economy in perpetuating gender inequality, particularly for rural women and women from ethnic minorities. Through statistical analysis and case studies, the paper identifies both successes and shortcomings in promoting gender equality in Indonesia’s labor market and offers policy recommendations aimed at increasing women’s participation in the formal workforce, enhancing their economic empowerment, and promoting gender justice.
Gender Equality, Economic Empowerment, Women’s Rights, Labor Market, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Nur Alamsyah, Taufik Fahim Abd Mustafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Justice and Indigenous Land Rights: The Role of the State in Balancing Development and Justice for Indigenous Communities
This paper explores the intersection of economic justice and indigenous land rights in Indonesia, focusing on the state’s role in balancing development with the protection of indigenous communities. Indonesia’s rapid economic growth, fueled by natural resource extraction, has led to widespread land dispossession, particularly affecting indigenous communities who depend on these lands for their livelihoods. The study examines key policies and legal frameworks that govern land use and indigenous rights, such as the 2013 Constitutional Court ruling on indigenous land recognition. Despite legal advancements, land-grabbing practices, particularly by palm oil and mining companies, continue to undermine indigenous land claims. The paper analyzes the ways in which Indonesia’s economic policies prioritize national development over the rights of indigenous communities, resulting in social displacement and environmental degradation. It also critiques the role of the state in failing to enforce laws that protect indigenous land rights, highlighting the tension between economic development and social justice. Drawing on case studies of indigenous communities in Kalimantan and Papua, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of legal frameworks in securing land rights and ensuring that development projects do not disproportionately disadvantage indigenous peoples. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for improving the legal protections for indigenous land rights and ensuring more equitable economic development.
Indigenous Rights, Land Dispossession, Economic Justice, Development, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Eliza Carrington, Abdullah Farhan Mubarak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Inequality in Indonesia’s Urban-Rural Divide: Policy Solutions for Closing the Gap
This paper investigates the persistent economic inequality between urban and rural populations in Indonesia, a nation characterized by rapid urbanization yet significant rural poverty. While Indonesia’s cities have experienced substantial economic growth, rural areas, especially those in the outer provinces, have not seen similar levels of prosperity, resulting in stark disparities in income, education, and access to services. The study critically examines existing government policies aimed at addressing this divide, such as rural infrastructure development, agricultural subsidies, and rural entrepreneurship programs. It evaluates the effectiveness of these policies in promoting economic inclusion and bridging the urban-rural gap. Through a review of rural development programs, the paper assesses whether such policies have empowered rural communities or merely provided temporary relief without addressing structural issues like land ownership, access to education, and healthcare. The paper also explores the role of rural-to-urban migration in perpetuating inequalities and the social impacts of economic exclusion in rural areas. Finally, the study proposes a set of policy recommendations to promote more inclusive growth, such as investing in education, improving rural healthcare, enhancing agricultural productivity, and ensuring equitable access to urban economic opportunities.
Economic Inequality, Urban-Rural Divide, Rural Development, Indonesia, Policy Solutions
Copyright (c) 2025 Kairan Fauzan Pratama, Eleanor Sophia Phillips, Clarence Augustus Lockwood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Indonesia: A Tool for Economic Justice or Corporate Exploitation?
This paper explores the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in promoting economic justice in Indonesia, critically examining whether CSR practices genuinely contribute to social equity or serve as a strategy for corporate self-interest. Over the past few decades, many Indonesian companies have adopted CSR programs, particularly in sectors like mining, palm oil, and manufacturing, in an effort to improve their public image and align with international standards for responsible business practices. However, there is growing debate about whether CSR initiatives effectively address the root causes of social inequality, or whether they merely serve as a facade for corporate exploitation. The study examines a range of CSR programs in Indonesia, focusing on their impact on local communities, workers’ rights, and environmental sustainability. Through case studies of companies that have implemented CSR initiatives, the paper evaluates their effectiveness in contributing to economic justice, particularly in terms of poverty alleviation, job creation, and equitable development. The paper argues that while CSR can play a positive role in promoting social justice, it often falls short of addressing structural inequalities and may be used as a public relations tool to avoid more substantial reforms. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing CSR practices to align with the principles of economic justice and ensure that the benefits of corporate initiatives reach marginalized communities.
Corporate Social Responsibility, Economic Justice, Indonesia, Corporate Exploitation, Social Equity
Copyright (c) 2025 Thalia Amira Sabina, Farah Nadia Sanjaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Debt or Development? A Study of Indonesia’s Foreign Debt and Its Impact on Economic Justice for Future Generations
This paper investigates the growing issue of foreign debt in Indonesia and its long-term implications for economic justice. As Indonesia’s economy continues to expand, the government has increasingly relied on foreign loans to finance infrastructure projects, social programs, and development initiatives. However, the sustainability of this debt has raised concerns about the future economic sovereignty of the country and the equitable distribution of the benefits of development. The study explores how the government’s borrowing practices impact future generations, particularly in terms of economic growth, debt servicing, and social equity. Through a review of Indonesia’s foreign debt portfolio, including the sources of loans, interest rates, and repayment terms, the paper assesses whether the benefits derived from these loans outweigh the long-term costs. The paper also examines the social and economic implications of rising debt, particularly for marginalized populations who are unlikely to benefit from large-scale infrastructure projects. The findings highlight that while foreign debt can stimulate development in the short term, excessive reliance on borrowing could exacerbate inequalities, place an undue burden on future generations, and hinder sustainable economic growth. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for balancing debt management with long-term economic justice and sustainable development goals.
Foreign Debt, Economic Justice, Indonesia, Development, Sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 Isha Reddy, Galuh Ayu Widuri, Rizki Ramadhana Arya Putra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Tax Reforms on Economic Justice in Indonesia: Who Benefits from the New System?
This paper critically analyzes the recent tax reforms in Indonesia, focusing on their impact on economic justice, income inequality, and wealth distribution. In response to fiscal challenges and the need for greater revenue generation, the Indonesian government has implemented significant tax reforms designed to broaden the tax base, improve efficiency, and enhance public sector financing. However, questions remain about who benefits most from these reforms, and whether they contribute to greater social equity. The paper examines key changes, such as adjustments to income tax brackets, the introduction of new taxes on digital services, and revisions to the corporate tax system. Through an analysis of the distributional effects of these reforms, the study explores whether they disproportionately favor the wealthy or multinational corporations while placing a greater burden on low-income households and small businesses. By investigating the implications of these tax policies on income inequality, wealth redistribution, and social mobility, the paper provides a comprehensive assessment of whether Indonesia’s tax reforms contribute to or hinder economic justice. The findings suggest that while the reforms have the potential to increase government revenue and address fiscal deficits, they may require further adjustments to ensure that the tax system promotes a more equitable distribution of wealth.
Tax Reform, Economic Justice, Income Inequality, Wealth Distribution, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratih Sekar Tunjung, Bunga Restu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Growth to Equity: Assessing Indonesia’s Economic Development Strategies and Their Impact on Poverty Alleviation
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of Indonesia’s economic development strategies in achieving poverty alleviation and promoting social equity, with a particular focus on rural and marginalized communities. Over the past few decades, Indonesia has experienced significant economic growth, but this growth has not been equally distributed, with vast disparities in income, education, and access to basic services between urban and rural areas. The study examines key economic policies and programs implemented by the government, including infrastructure development, rural poverty reduction initiatives, and social welfare programs aimed at addressing inequality. By analyzing these strategies through a lens of economic justice, the paper assesses their impact on reducing poverty, improving income distribution, and fostering social mobility for marginalized groups, such as indigenous peoples, women, and rural farmers. The paper also investigates the role of public investment in education and healthcare in enabling upward social mobility. While recognizing the achievements of Indonesia’s economic development, the study identifies gaps in equity and access that hinder broader social inclusion. It concludes with recommendations for improving policies that prioritize inclusive growth, promote sustainable development in rural areas, and address deep-rooted structural inequalities.
Economic Development, Poverty Alleviation, Social Equity, Rural Indonesia, Economic Justice
Copyright (c) 2025 Setiawan Agung Prabuwana, Ayunda Larasati Maharani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Omnibus Law and Economic Justice: A Critical Analysis of Its Impact on Labor Rights and Social Equity
This paper critically examines Indonesia's controversial Omnibus Law, which was introduced as a major reform to streamline regulations, improve the business climate, and attract foreign investment. While the law is hailed for its potential to enhance economic growth, it has raised significant concerns regarding labor rights and social equity. This study explores the key provisions of the Omnibus Law, focusing on its impact on labor regulations, job security, and workers’ rights. The paper analyzes how the law’s deregulation of labor markets, particularly its relaxation of rules on minimum wages, severance pay, and outsourcing, affects income inequality and job quality, particularly for vulnerable workers in low-wage sectors. Furthermore, the study investigates how the law’s broader economic objectives—such as promoting foreign direct investment—might disproportionately benefit multinational corporations and wealthy elites, while exacerbating existing social and economic disparities. By examining both the legal provisions and the socio-economic outcomes of the Omnibus Law, the paper argues that while it may stimulate economic growth, it risks undermining social equity and labor justice. The paper concludes by suggesting policy reforms that balance economic development with the protection of workers’ rights and the promotion of inclusive growth.
Omnibus Law, Labor Rights, Economic Justice, Income Inequality, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratih Damayanti, Andry Setiawan, Bima Wicaksono Nugroho (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change and Economic Justice: The Impact of Environmental Degradation on Indonesia’s Vulnerable Populations
This paper examines the intersection of climate change and economic justice in Indonesia, focusing on how environmental degradation exacerbates vulnerabilities among marginalized populations. Indonesia is highly vulnerable to climate change, with rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and deforestation threatening the livelihoods of millions, particularly those in rural, coastal, and indigenous communities. The study investigates the economic impact of climate change on vulnerable groups, including farmers, fishers, and urban slum dwellers, who often lack the resources to adapt to environmental shocks. The paper also evaluates the government’s response to climate change through adaptation policies, disaster relief programs, and the promotion of sustainable development practices. It critiques the effectiveness of these policies in addressing the disproportionate impacts on marginalized communities and proposes that economic justice should be central to Indonesia’s climate action plans. By analyzing the role of environmental policies in promoting or hindering equitable development, the paper argues that climate justice must be integrated into the broader economic agenda, with a focus on fair access to resources, technology, and social protections for the most vulnerable. The paper concludes by calling for more inclusive climate adaptation strategies and policies that prioritize the needs of Indonesia’s poorest and most vulnerable populations.
Climate Change, Economic Justice, Environmental Degradation, Indonesia, Vulnerable Populations
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Sarah, Bagus Putra Adipati Wirawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Justice and the Environment: Evaluating Indonesia’s Policies on Natural Resource Management
This paper evaluates the relationship between economic justice and natural resource management in Indonesia, focusing on how government policies impact both economic growth and environmental sustainability. Indonesia, with its rich natural resources, including forests, minerals, and fisheries, has long relied on resource extraction as a driver of economic development. However, this approach has often led to environmental degradation and social injustices, particularly affecting indigenous communities and rural populations who depend on these resources for their livelihoods. The paper critically examines the role of policies such as the Forestry Law, the Land Use Policy, and initiatives like the moratorium on new palm oil plantations, assessing their effectiveness in balancing economic development with environmental justice. It also explores the impact of large-scale infrastructure projects, such as dams and mining operations, on local communities and ecosystems. The findings suggest that while Indonesia has made progress in integrating environmental concerns into economic policy, significant gaps remain in terms of ensuring that marginalized communities benefit from resource wealth. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening natural resource governance, promoting equitable distribution of resource benefits, and enhancing the participation of local communities in decision-making processes.
Economic Justice, Environmental Policy, Natural Resources, Indonesia, Sustainable Development
Copyright (c) 2025 Nittaya Wiriyawadee, Kanyarat Phasook, Kavita Patil, Akbar Maulana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fostering Economic Justice in the Post-Pandemic Era: Indonesia’s Recovery Plans and Economic Fairness
This paper examines Indonesia’s post-pandemic recovery plans and their potential to foster economic justice in the country. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing economic inequalities, disproportionately affecting low-income workers, small businesses, and vulnerable communities, particularly in rural areas. As Indonesia begins its recovery, the government has implemented various policies aimed at stimulating economic growth, supporting job creation, and addressing poverty. This paper evaluates the inclusiveness and fairness of these recovery plans, focusing on key policies such as stimulus packages, social protection programs, and sector-specific support for industries like tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing. The study also looks at the effectiveness of Indonesia’s fiscal response, including the distribution of aid and the targeting of marginalized populations. Through an analysis of the economic recovery measures and their impact on economic inequality, the paper argues that while the recovery plans have made important strides in addressing immediate needs, they often overlook deeper structural issues that perpetuate inequality. The findings suggest that without a comprehensive strategy that focuses on long-term economic reforms, such as labor market reforms, wealth redistribution, and sustainable development, the recovery risks reinforcing pre-existing disparities. The paper concludes with recommendations for more equitable recovery policies that prioritize inclusive growth and social justice.
Economic Justice, Post-Pandemic Recovery, Indonesia, Inequality, Social Protection
Copyright (c) 2025 Liam Harris (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Intersection of Economic and Racial Justice: Addressing Disparities Among Ethnic Groups in Indonesia’s Economy
This paper explores the intersection of economic and racial justice in Indonesia, focusing on the disparities faced by ethnic minority groups in the country’s economic landscape. Indonesia’s diverse society is home to various ethnic groups, but historically, ethnic minorities such as the Chinese, Papuans, and Madurese have faced systemic discrimination that has hindered their access to economic resources and opportunities. This paper critically examines the economic marginalization of these ethnic groups, analyzing how racial prejudices and discriminatory policies have shaped their participation in the labor market, access to education, and entrepreneurial activities. By examining historical and contemporary examples of exclusionary practices, the paper highlights the role of state policies, cultural biases, and social structures in perpetuating these economic inequities. The paper also evaluates government measures aimed at addressing ethnic disparities, such as affirmative action programs, policies for indigenous land rights, and efforts to improve access to education and healthcare. The findings indicate that while some progress has been made, significant racial and economic disparities persist. The paper concludes by proposing policy reforms that focus on creating more inclusive economic opportunities, promoting diversity in the labor market, and ensuring that ethnic minorities are given equal access to economic resources and social services.
Economic Justice, Racial Justice, Ethnic Disparities, Indonesia, Marginalization
Copyright (c) 2025 Harper James, Seyra Azizah Aulia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Inclusion and Economic Justice: The Role of Digital Finance in Empowering Indonesia’s Poor
This paper investigates the role of digital finance in promoting economic justice in Indonesia, with a particular focus on how digital financial services can empower the country's poor and marginalized populations. As Indonesia’s financial sector increasingly embraces digital technologies, the unbanked and underbanked populations—often located in rural areas or from lower-income backgrounds—are gaining access to financial services such as mobile banking, microloans, and digital payment systems. This study critically assesses the potential of digital finance to reduce financial exclusion and enhance economic opportunities for marginalized groups. By reviewing the impact of government initiatives like the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) and the development of digital payment systems such as Gojek’s GoPay and OVO, the paper explores how digital platforms are bridging the gap between traditional financial institutions and underserved communities. The paper also highlights the challenges associated with digital financial inclusion, including digital literacy, cybersecurity risks, and regulatory hurdles. It finds that while digital finance holds significant promise for improving financial access, it requires targeted policy interventions to ensure equitable participation and to address the digital divide. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing financial inclusion through improved infrastructure, better digital literacy programs, and strengthened regulatory frameworks to protect vulnerable users.
Financial Inclusion, Economic Justice, Digital Finance, Indonesia, Poverty Alleviation
Copyright (c) 2025 Zayran Mahir Qayyan, Ramesh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Addressing Income Inequality in Indonesia: The Role of Wealth Redistribution Policies
This paper explores the role of wealth redistribution policies in addressing income inequality in Indonesia. Despite consistent economic growth, Indonesia remains one of the most unequal countries in Southeast Asia, with significant disparities in wealth distribution between urban and rural areas, as well as between different ethnic and social groups. The paper critically analyzes the effectiveness of Indonesia’s wealth redistribution policies, such as progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and subsidies for education, healthcare, and housing. It evaluates the impact of these policies on reducing income inequality, particularly focusing on their ability to lift vulnerable populations out of poverty and promote economic mobility. The study uses a combination of national data and case studies to assess how various wealth redistribution mechanisms, such as direct cash transfers and subsidies, have impacted income distribution and social equity. The findings suggest that while wealth redistribution policies have made some progress in reducing poverty, they have not been sufficient to address the broader issue of income inequality. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening wealth redistribution efforts, including expanding social protection programs, reforming tax policies to ensure greater progressivity, and investing in programs that promote skills development and economic opportunities for disadvantaged communities.
Income Inequality, Wealth Redistribution, Economic Justice, Indonesia, Poverty
Copyright (c) 2024 Jasmin Noor, Drewan Abdurrahman Farez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Economic Justice of Urbanization: Challenges in Providing Fair Access to Resources in Indonesian Cities
This paper investigates the economic justice challenges posed by urbanization in Indonesia, particularly regarding access to resources such as housing, healthcare, education, and employment. Indonesia’s rapid urbanization, driven by rural-to-urban migration and economic development, has led to the expansion of cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Medan. However, this urban growth has also created significant disparities in access to essential services and economic opportunities, particularly for low-income populations and marginalized communities. The paper examines the effects of urbanization on social and economic equity, focusing on issues such as affordable housing shortages, unequal access to healthcare, and educational disparities in urban slums. It analyzes the role of government policies, such as urban development programs and poverty alleviation initiatives, in addressing these challenges. The study also evaluates the impact of private sector involvement in urban development, considering whether urban expansion primarily benefits wealthier urbanites while excluding poorer residents. The findings suggest that while urbanization has generated economic growth, it has also deepened social inequalities, particularly in large cities. The paper concludes with recommendations for policies aimed at promoting more equitable urban development, including affordable housing projects, inclusive healthcare access, and policies that ensure fair wages and job opportunities for low-income urban workers.
Urbanization, Economic Justice, Indonesia, Urban Inequality, Resource Access
Copyright (c) 2024 Liyana Ayra Alisha, Shivendra Raghav, Hawzan Abdillah Farhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indonesia’s Trade Policy and Economic Justice: Balancing Global Integration with Local Needs
This paper examines Indonesia’s trade policy and its implications for economic justice, with a focus on the balance between global economic integration and the needs of local industries and vulnerable populations. As one of the largest economies in Southeast Asia, Indonesia has increasingly integrated into the global trading system through free trade agreements (FTAs), membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), and bilateral trade partnerships. While these policies have spurred economic growth, they have also raised concerns about their impact on domestic industries, labor markets, and income inequality. The study critically analyzes key trade policies, including tariff reductions, foreign direct investment (FDI) incentives, and agricultural subsidies, evaluating their effect on sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Using a combination of quantitative data and qualitative case studies, the paper explores how trade liberalization has affected the economic well-being of different segments of society, particularly the rural poor, smallholder farmers, and low-skilled workers. The findings suggest that while Indonesia’s trade policy has contributed to overall economic growth, it has also exacerbated inequalities, particularly in rural areas, due to the displacement of local industries and the influx of foreign products. The paper concludes by recommending policy adjustments that promote more inclusive trade practices, including strengthening protections for vulnerable sectors, improving labor standards, and ensuring that the benefits of trade are more equitably distributed.
Trade Policy, Economic Justice, Global Integration, Indonesia, Inequality
Copyright (c) 2024 Diyana Safira Qistina, Malaika Ariffin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Digital Economy in Promoting Economic Justice: A Case Study of Indonesia’s Tech Sector
This paper explores the role of Indonesia’s rapidly growing digital economy in promoting economic justice, with a focus on the tech sector's impact on job creation, income distribution, and access to resources. The digital economy, powered by innovations in e-commerce, fintech, and digital platforms, has expanded opportunities for entrepreneurs and workers, particularly in urban areas. However, this paper critically assesses whether these opportunities are equitably distributed across the population, especially for marginalized groups such as women, rural communities, and low-income populations. The case study centers on the development of major digital platforms in Indonesia, such as Gojek, Tokopedia, and Bukalapak, and examines their contribution to job creation, economic inclusion, and local development. The study also considers the risks of digital inequality, including issues related to digital literacy, access to technology, and the precarious nature of gig economy jobs within the tech sector. By analyzing government policies, corporate practices, and community engagement in the digital space, the paper identifies challenges and opportunities for enhancing economic justice through digital innovation. The findings suggest that while the digital economy has the potential to drive inclusive growth, additional policies are required to ensure equitable access and prevent the deepening of digital divides. The paper concludes with recommendations for fostering digital inclusion, ensuring fair wages, and protecting workers’ rights in the tech sector.
Digital Economy, Economic Justice, Indonesia, Tech Sector, Inclusion
Copyright (c) 2024 Fayhan Rafiq Alamsyah, David Wilson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Labor Exploitation and Economic Justice: Addressing Worker Rights in Indonesia’s Informal Economy
This paper examines the issue of labor exploitation within Indonesia’s informal economy and the challenges of achieving economic justice for its workers. The informal economy in Indonesia, comprising sectors such as street vending, domestic work, and casual labor, provides livelihoods for a significant portion of the population. However, workers in these sectors are often excluded from formal labor protections, resulting in poor working conditions, low wages, and a lack of social benefits. The study reviews the legal and policy framework surrounding informal labor, assessing the gaps in workers' rights protection and the challenges of extending labor laws to informal work. The paper uses case studies from sectors like agriculture, domestic work, and transport to illustrate the pervasive nature of labor exploitation and its effects on economic well-being. It critically examines the limitations of current labor laws in addressing informal workers’ needs, particularly regarding minimum wage enforcement, occupational health and safety, and social security. The findings suggest that despite some legal reforms, the informal economy remains largely unregulated, and informal workers continue to face significant economic injustice. The paper concludes by proposing recommendations for improving legal protections for informal workers, including enhanced monitoring, stronger enforcement mechanisms, and the creation of specific policies that address the unique vulnerabilities of informal labor.
Labor Exploitation, Informal Economy, Worker Rights, Economic Justice, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2024 Nawapol Phadung, Kittiya Thanakittichai, Koh Hui Yee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Inequality and the Role of Education in Achieving Economic Justice in Indonesia
This paper explores the role of education in addressing economic inequality and promoting economic justice in Indonesia. While the country has made significant strides in expanding access to education, disparities in educational outcomes remain a major barrier to achieving social and economic equity. The study critically examines how the education system contributes to or mitigates economic inequality, particularly for marginalized groups such as low-income families, rural populations, and ethnic minorities. It analyzes key policies such as the School Operational Assistance (BOS) program, free education initiatives, and vocational training programs, assessing their effectiveness in improving access to quality education and bridging the inequality gap. Additionally, the paper investigates the role of higher education and skill development in facilitating social mobility, with a focus on the challenges faced by students from disadvantaged backgrounds in accessing quality education and job opportunities. Through a combination of quantitative analysis and case studies, the paper evaluates how educational inequities affect long-term economic outcomes and the prospects for achieving economic justice. The findings suggest that while education is a key driver of economic mobility, systemic issues such as unequal access to resources, regional disparities, and the quality of education continue to perpetuate inequality. The paper concludes by recommending targeted reforms in education policy, including increased funding for underfunded schools, curriculum reforms that address local needs, and greater investment in vocational training to enhance employability.
Economic Inequality, Education, Economic Justice, Indonesia, Social Mobility
Copyright (c) 2024 Saskia Lestari Utami, Adharini Puspita, Xiaoyu Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Justice and Economic Policy: The Impact of Sustainable Development on Indonesia’s Economy
This paper investigates the relationship between environmental justice and economic policy in Indonesia, focusing on the impact of sustainable development initiatives on the economy. Indonesia, a resource-rich nation, faces the dual challenge of promoting economic growth while safeguarding its environment and ensuring social equity. The study explores the intersection of environmental policies, such as deforestation reduction, carbon emissions targets, and the protection of natural resources, with economic policies aimed at fostering growth in sectors such as agriculture, energy, and manufacturing. Drawing on case studies of government initiatives such as the moratorium on new palm oil plantations and the development of renewable energy projects, the paper assesses how sustainable development efforts can contribute to both environmental and economic justice. The paper argues that while sustainable development practices have the potential to create long-term economic benefits, they often conflict with short-term economic interests, particularly in industries reliant on resource extraction. The findings highlight the importance of aligning economic and environmental policies to promote a more inclusive and equitable economy, particularly for marginalized groups who are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening environmental justice through more inclusive policymaking and the integration of sustainability into economic planning.
Environmental Justice, Economic Policy, Sustainable Development, Indonesia, Resource Management
Copyright (c) 2024 Yuniar Setiawan, Kukuh Pamudi Luhur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indonesia’s Development Goals and Economic Justice: A Path Toward Sustainable and Inclusive Growth
This paper examines Indonesia’s development goals and the pursuit of economic justice, focusing on the intersection of sustainable development and inclusive growth. Despite impressive economic growth over the past few decades, Indonesia faces significant challenges in ensuring that the benefits of development reach all segments of society, particularly marginalized groups such as indigenous peoples, rural populations, and women. The study critically analyzes Indonesia’s National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) and its alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically in terms of reducing poverty, promoting equitable economic opportunities, and enhancing social mobility. The paper highlights the tension between rapid economic growth and the need for social justice, especially as inequality, environmental degradation, and social exclusion continue to persist. By assessing key policies such as social protection programs, rural development initiatives, and infrastructure projects, the paper evaluates how well Indonesia’s development strategy incorporates economic justice principles. The findings suggest that while there are efforts to integrate sustainability and equity into development plans, more targeted measures are needed to address structural inequalities. The paper concludes with policy recommendations that emphasize the importance of inclusive growth, equitable resource distribution, and the active involvement of marginalized communities in the development process.
Economic Justice, Development Goals, Inclusive Growth, Sustainable Development, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2024 Melly Agustinus Hutabarat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Gig Economy and Economic Justice: Protecting Workers in Indonesia’s Changing Job Market
This paper explores the rise of the gig economy in Indonesia and its implications for economic justice, particularly concerning labor rights and protections for gig workers. The gig economy, characterized by short-term contracts, freelance work, and platform-based employment, has expanded rapidly in Indonesia, driven by technological advancements and the increasing demand for flexible work arrangements. However, the growth of the gig economy raises concerns about job insecurity, lack of social protections, and unequal access to benefits for workers. This paper investigates the legal and policy frameworks governing gig work in Indonesia, focusing on labor laws, social security provisions, and the role of digital platforms in shaping working conditions. Through qualitative interviews with gig workers, including ride-hailing drivers, delivery personnel, and online freelancers, the paper examines the challenges they face in terms of income stability, health insurance, and retirement benefits. The findings suggest that gig workers often experience exploitation due to the absence of formal labor protections and weak enforcement of existing regulations. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers to better regulate the gig economy, ensuring fair wages, worker protections, and access to social benefits, while balancing the needs of businesses and workers in an increasingly digital economy.
Gig Economy, Economic Justice, Labor Rights, Indonesia, Worker Protection
Copyright (c) 2024 Rizkianthaka Saputra, Nayalina Pramesti Aryani, Luciana da Silva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Economic Justice: A Look at the Role of Big Corporations in Indonesia’s Economy
This paper critically examines the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in promoting economic justice in Indonesia, particularly through the actions of large corporations in the extractive, manufacturing, and retail sectors. Indonesia’s rapid industrialization and economic growth have been accompanied by environmental degradation, labor exploitation, and widening income inequality, which raises questions about the ethical obligations of corporations in addressing these issues. The study explores the scope and effectiveness of CSR initiatives by major Indonesian companies, focusing on their contributions to community development, environmental sustainability, and equitable economic opportunities. Using case studies from sectors such as palm oil, mining, and energy, the paper assesses whether CSR programs genuinely contribute to economic justice or merely serve as public relations tools. Additionally, it critiques the regulatory frameworks governing CSR in Indonesia, investigating the gaps in enforcement and accountability. The findings suggest that while some corporations have made notable contributions to local communities and environmental sustainability, CSR programs are often fragmented and insufficient in addressing the structural inequalities that perpetuate poverty and marginalization. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening CSR regulations, enhancing transparency, and encouraging corporations to adopt more robust, systemic approaches to fostering economic justice.
Corporate Social Responsibility, Economic Justice, Corporations, Indonesia, Sustainable Development
Copyright (c) 2024 Adityanegara Pramudita, Kavita Dinesh, Vikrantheswara Aji Mahendra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0