The Indonesian Climate Justice Review (ICJR) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to advancing interdisciplinary scholarship on climate justice within the unique context of Indonesia and the Global South. As the world confronts escalating environmental crises and socio-political inequalities, the journal offers a critical platform for examining the intersections of climate change, environmental law, indigenous rights, socio-economic disparity, and sustainable development from a justice-centered perspective. The journal’s primary aim is to generate robust, original research that investigates how environmental policies, climate governance frameworks, and legal instruments impact vulnerable populations—especially those historically marginalized by economic, political, or colonial structures. With Indonesia being one of the most climate-vulnerable nations due to its archipelagic nature, vast biodiversity, and complex social fabric, ICJR seeks to lead scholarly discourse in promoting equitable climate action, inclusive legal frameworks, and community-driven resilience strategies. ICJR welcomes contributions from a wide range of disciplines including (but not limited to) environmental law, human rights, political ecology, development studies, climate science, international law, economics, sociology, and indigenous studies. By bridging legal scholarship with interdisciplinary approaches, the journal endeavors to reflect both academic rigor and real-world applicability, with particular emphasis on community engagement, participatory justice, and policy reform.
Indonesian Society for Legal and Justice Research
All writings published in this journal are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the views of this journal or the authors’ affiliated institutions. Authors retain copyrights without any restriction under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Climate Justice Through the Lens of Ocean Governance: Protecting the Sea and Its People in Indonesia’s Small Islands
This study explores the concept of climate justice through the lens of ocean governance, focusing on the protection of Indonesia’s small islands and their coastal communities. Small islands in Indonesia are among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and the degradation of marine ecosystems. These islands are also home to indigenous and local communities who rely on the sea for their livelihoods, culture, and sustenance. However, the complex intersection of environmental degradation, economic development, and political marginalization often leaves these communities at risk of both climate impacts and exclusion from key decision-making processes. This research examines how Indonesia’s ocean governance frameworks, including national policies and local conservation efforts, address (or fail to address) the climate justice concerns of small island communities. Through a combination of policy analysis, field research, and interviews with community leaders, marine experts, and policymakers, the study evaluates the effectiveness of current governance structures in balancing environmental protection, climate adaptation, and the rights of coastal communities. The findings suggest that while Indonesia has made strides in promoting marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management, gaps remain in ensuring that small island communities are adequately involved in the governance process. The study argues for a more inclusive and equitable approach to ocean governance that recognizes the rights of local populations and integrates climate justice principles into marine policy. The research offers policy recommendations for enhancing community participation and protecting both the sea and its people.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Fathi, Zulfiqar Rahman, Rizki Pratama Heriyanto, Agung Handoyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change and Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous Adaptation Strategies in Papua and Their Legal Implications
This research investigates the role of traditional knowledge in indigenous adaptation strategies to climate change in Papua, Indonesia, and explores the legal implications of recognizing and integrating these practices within national and international climate policy frameworks. Indigenous Papuans have developed unique, place-based knowledge systems to manage their environments and adapt to climate variability, including shifting weather patterns, changing agricultural cycles, and rising sea levels. This study examines how these traditional adaptation practices—ranging from sustainable farming techniques to water management systems—have helped communities cope with the impacts of climate change. Using qualitative research methods, including interviews with indigenous leaders, community members, and environmental activists, the research also critically assesses the extent to which these traditional knowledge systems are acknowledged and supported by the Indonesian legal system. The findings highlight a significant gap between the cultural value of indigenous knowledge and its legal recognition, particularly in the context of land rights, conservation practices, and climate adaptation policies. While Indonesia’s national climate policies increasingly emphasize participatory approaches, indigenous communities in Papua often face legal and institutional barriers that prevent them from fully utilizing their traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation. The study argues that incorporating indigenous knowledge into legal frameworks can enhance climate resilience while ensuring that indigenous rights are respected. The research concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening legal protections for indigenous knowledge and promoting its integration into national climate strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamamd Amrulllah, Muzakki Akbar, Jabulani Nkosi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban Resilience or Environmental Racism? The Unequal Impact of Flooding in Jakarta’s Lower-Income Areas
This research examines the unequal impacts of flooding on lower-income areas in Jakarta, Indonesia, exploring the intersection of urban resilience and environmental racism. Jakarta, one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities in Southeast Asia, is highly vulnerable to flooding due to a combination of climate change, poor urban planning, and socio-economic inequality. The study focuses on how flooding disproportionately affects marginalized communities, particularly in low-income neighborhoods, where residents face greater risks due to inadequate infrastructure, limited access to resources, and historical neglect by local authorities. Using a combination of field surveys, interviews with residents, urban planners, and environmental experts, the research investigates the ways in which flooding exacerbates existing social inequalities, with a particular focus on the structural and racial factors contributing to the vulnerability of these communities. The findings highlight how systemic issues such as spatial segregation, discriminatory zoning policies, and lack of investment in low-income areas lead to an uneven distribution of flood risks. The study argues that while Jakarta’s urban resilience strategies may focus on broader city-wide measures, they often overlook the specific needs and rights of vulnerable populations. This research contributes to the growing discourse on environmental justice by shedding light on how climate impacts like flooding can perpetuate social and racial inequalities. The study concludes with policy recommendations to promote more inclusive and equitable flood management strategies that prioritize the needs of marginalized communities in Jakarta.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eco-Justice in Indonesia’s Mining Law: The Indonesian Mining Law and Its Conflict with Climate Justice in Indigenous Territories
This study critically examines the Indonesian Mining Law (UU No. 4/2009) and its conflict with eco-justice and climate justice in indigenous territories. As Indonesia continues to be a global leader in mineral extraction, the mining sector plays a crucial role in the national economy. However, the implementation of the Mining Law has sparked significant debates regarding its environmental and social impacts, particularly on indigenous communities whose ancestral lands are often exploited for mining activities. This research explores how the law’s provisions—intended to regulate and promote responsible mining—interact with the environmental rights of indigenous peoples and the broader objectives of climate justice. Using a mixed-methods approach, which includes legal analysis, interviews with indigenous activists, and case studies of mining operations in resource-rich regions, the study evaluates the extent to which the Mining Law respects indigenous land rights, promotes environmental sustainability, and aligns with Indonesia’s climate commitments. The findings reveal that while the law includes certain measures for environmental protection, it fails to adequately address the rights of indigenous peoples and often allows for unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, exacerbating climate vulnerabilities in affected areas. This study argues that eco-justice, which includes the integration of indigenous rights in environmental governance, is crucial to achieving true climate justice. The research concludes with policy recommendations aimed at reconciling the goals of economic development, indigenous rights, and environmental protection in Indonesia’s mining sector.
The Green Economy vs. Indigenous Rights: A Study of the Indonesian Investment Law and Its Impact on Climate Justice
This research investigates the tension between the green economy agenda and indigenous rights in Indonesia, specifically through the lens of the Indonesian Investment Law (UU No. 25/2007) and its implications for climate justice. As Indonesia pushes for a transition toward a greener economy, the government has prioritized large-scale investments in renewable energy, infrastructure, and sustainable industries. However, these developments often intersect with the territories and livelihoods of indigenous communities, raising concerns about land rights, displacement, and the erosion of cultural heritage. The study critically analyzes how the Indonesian Investment Law, designed to attract foreign and domestic investments, interacts with environmental and social policies affecting indigenous peoples. Through a combination of legal analysis, field surveys, and interviews with indigenous leaders, environmental activists, and policymakers, this research examines the practical and legal challenges indigenous communities face in securing land rights amidst the push for green economic development. The findings highlight a fundamental conflict between the promotion of green economic policies and the protection of indigenous rights, with many communities reporting limited consultation, inadequate compensation, and negative environmental impacts resulting from large-scale green projects. The study argues that climate justice cannot be fully realized without integrating indigenous rights into the green economy framework, offering policy recommendations to ensure that indigenous voices are included in climate adaptation and sustainable development strategies. This research contributes to the broader discourse on balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity in Indonesia’s climate policy.
Crisis in the Classroom: The Role of Climate Education in Shaping Indonesia’s Future Environmental Justice Movements
This research examines the critical role of climate education in shaping Indonesia’s future environmental justice movements. As climate change increasingly impacts the country, particularly its coastal and rural communities, the need for a well-informed citizenry capable of advocating for environmental justice has never been more urgent. This study focuses on how climate education within schools—ranging from primary to tertiary levels—affects students’ understanding of environmental issues and their ability to engage in climate activism. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines surveys, interviews with educators, and case studies from various regions of Indonesia, the research evaluates the current state of climate education in Indonesia’s formal education system and its potential to influence social movements. The findings suggest that while climate education is gaining traction in curricula, it remains unevenly implemented across different regions, particularly in rural or economically disadvantaged areas. Despite these challenges, students exposed to climate-focused education tend to show a stronger commitment to environmental justice principles, particularly in relation to issues of land rights, indigenous rights, and climate adaptation. The study argues that for Indonesia to effectively confront the dual challenges of climate change and social inequality, it is essential to integrate environmental justice into formal education, ensuring that future generations are not only climate literate but also equipped to take action. This research contributes to the broader discourse on climate education’s role in fostering sustainable and just societies.
Water and Justice: Evaluating the 2004 Indonesian Water Resources Law in Protecting Vulnerable Communities from Climate-Induced Water Scarcity
This study evaluates the effectiveness of the 2004 Indonesian Water Resources Law (Law No. 7/2004) in protecting vulnerable communities from the impacts of climate-induced water scarcity. As climate change intensifies, many regions in Indonesia are experiencing increased water stress due to altered rainfall patterns, droughts, and the depletion of freshwater resources. These challenges disproportionately affect marginalized groups, particularly in rural and indigenous communities, who rely heavily on local water sources for both domestic use and livelihood activities. The research critically examines how the 2004 Water Resources Law addresses the needs of these vulnerable communities, assessing its provisions on water allocation, access, and the role of local governance in ensuring equitable distribution. By combining legal analysis, policy review, and interviews with affected communities and water management officials, the study identifies gaps in the law’s implementation and enforcement that hinder its ability to provide comprehensive protection in the face of climate variability. The findings suggest that while the law outlines broad principles for water management and equity, it often falls short in ensuring that vulnerable groups have access to clean and sufficient water, especially during periods of water scarcity. The study calls for a more inclusive and adaptive legal framework that prioritizes the needs of marginalized communities and integrates climate resilience into water governance. This research contributes to the broader conversation on climate justice, advocating for reforms that enhance the legal protections for those most at risk from water scarcity in Indonesia.
Changing Tides: How Climate Change Threatens the Livelihoods of Fisherwomen in Bali
This research examines the disproportionate impacts of climate change on the livelihoods of fisherwomen in Bali, Indonesia, a region where coastal communities are deeply reliant on marine resources. As global warming accelerates, rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and shifting fish stocks are undermining the stability of fisheries, which in turn affects the socio-economic well-being of small-scale, artisanal fishers. While the broader discourse on climate change often focuses on male-dominated sectors such as agriculture and fishing, the specific challenges faced by women in the fishing industry remain largely underexplored. This study highlights how fisherwomen, who are involved in both the capture and post-capture processes (e.g., fish processing, marketing, and trade), are facing increased economic insecurity, as well as social marginalization, due to the decline in fish populations and the degradation of marine ecosystems. Drawing on interviews with fisherwomen, community leaders, and environmental experts, this research underscores the intersection of gender, economic vulnerability, and climate change. The findings reveal that while women in these communities possess vital knowledge and adaptive capacities, they are often excluded from decision-making processes regarding resource management and climate adaptation strategies. The study argues for the inclusion of gender-sensitive approaches in climate policies and sustainable fisheries management to ensure that the voices and needs of fisherwomen are addressed. This research contributes to the broader field of climate justice by highlighting the critical role of gender in shaping vulnerability and resilience in the face of climate change.
Beneath the Surface: Exploring the Role of Gender in Indonesia’s Climate Justice Struggle through the Lens of Water Access
This study explores the intersection of gender and climate justice in Indonesia, focusing on the unequal access to water resources in the context of climate change. Women, particularly in rural and marginalized communities, often bear the brunt of water scarcity, which is exacerbated by climate-induced changes such as shifting rainfall patterns, droughts, and extreme weather events. Through qualitative interviews and participatory research with local communities, the study investigates how gender shapes both vulnerability to and agency in responding to water crises. The research critically examines the role of women in water management, as well as the gendered impacts of policies aimed at climate adaptation and water resource governance. While men traditionally control water access and distribution, women play a crucial role in managing household water needs and advocating for sustainable water practices. The study argues that gender-sensitive approaches to climate justice are essential for equitable water access, and that policies must recognize and address the unique challenges faced by women in water-scarce regions. By highlighting the ways in which gender dynamics influence both vulnerability and resilience, the research contributes to the broader conversation on integrating social equity into climate justice frameworks, offering policy recommendations to ensure more inclusive and effective climate adaptation strategies in Indonesia.
Ecological Justice or Environmental Exclusion? The Impact of Renewable Energy Development on Indigenous Rights in Sulawesi
This research critically examines the tension between ecological justice and environmental exclusion in the context of renewable energy development in Sulawesi, Indonesia. As the global push for clean energy intensifies, indigenous communities in Sulawesi have increasingly found their ancestral lands repurposed for renewable energy projects, such as hydroelectric dams, wind farms, and geothermal plants. This study explores the implications of these developments on indigenous land rights, environmental justice, and socio-economic equity. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines legal analysis, interviews with indigenous leaders, and field observations to assess the broader impacts of renewable energy policies on local communities. The findings reveal a significant gap between the state’s green energy agenda and the protection of indigenous rights, with many projects advancing without meaningful consultation or compensation. While renewable energy offers ecological benefits, its development has led to the displacement of indigenous peoples, loss of traditional livelihoods, and the erosion of cultural heritage. The study argues that without integrating indigenous rights into the renewable energy framework, these projects risk perpetuating environmental exclusion rather than promoting ecological justice. This research contributes to the growing discourse on the intersections of energy policy, indigenous rights, and environmental justice, offering policy recommendations for more inclusive and just approaches to renewable energy development.
Human Rights and Climate Change: The 2011 National Human Rights Action Plan (RANHAM) and Its Role in Promoting Climate Justice
This paper explores the role of Indonesia’s 2011 National Human Rights Action Plan (RANHAM) in promoting climate justice, with a focus on how the country’s human rights framework intersects with climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. As climate change increasingly threatens the fundamental rights of individuals—particularly in vulnerable communities—there is a growing recognition of the need to integrate human rights protections into climate policies. RANHAM, as the country’s primary framework for advancing human rights, provides an opportunity to assess how human rights principles can be incorporated into national climate action strategies. This study examines RANHAM’s provisions related to environmental rights, the right to a healthy environment, and its alignment with international climate justice frameworks. By reviewing the actions and commitments outlined in RANHAM, this research assesses the extent to which climate justice is considered within Indonesia’s human rights policies, especially for marginalized groups who face disproportionate climate risks, such as indigenous communities, women, and rural populations. Through policy analysis, interviews with stakeholders, and case studies, the research evaluates the implementation of RANHAM in addressing climate-induced human rights violations, such as displacement, loss of livelihood, and access to essential resources. Findings suggest that while RANHAM has contributed to raising awareness of climate-related human rights issues, significant gaps remain in ensuring that climate justice principles are fully realized within the country’s broader human rights agenda. The paper calls for stronger integration of climate justice into RANHAM, emphasizing the need for a more rights-based approach to climate action that prioritizes the protection and empowerment of vulnerable communities.
Climate Justice or Green Colonialism? The Role of the 2014 Plantation Law in Addressing Indigenous Land Rights and Environmental Exploitation
This paper examines the implications of Indonesia’s 2014 Plantation Law (UU No. 39/2014) for climate justice, focusing on its effects on indigenous land rights and the broader issue of environmental exploitation. As Indonesia continues to be a major producer of palm oil and other plantation crops, the expansion of industrial agriculture has led to large-scale deforestation, land grabs, and the displacement of indigenous communities. The 2014 Plantation Law aims to regulate the plantation industry, but its potential to address the twin challenges of environmental degradation and the violation of indigenous land rights remains highly contested. This study analyzes the law’s provisions in relation to climate justice, particularly in terms of ensuring that the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities are upheld in the face of expanding industrial plantations. Through a combination of legal analysis, case studies, and interviews with indigenous leaders and environmental activists, the research explores how the law addresses (or fails to address) the environmental and social impacts of plantation-driven deforestation, land conflicts, and loss of biodiversity. Findings suggest that while the law includes provisions aimed at protecting the environment, it often prioritizes economic interests over the rights of vulnerable communities and the preservation of ecosystems. The paper argues that the 2014 Plantation Law risks perpetuating a form of "green colonialism," where climate and environmental concerns are used to justify land dispossession and exploitation, rather than addressing the root causes of environmental harm. The research calls for more inclusive, rights-based frameworks that balance economic development with the protection of indigenous territories and the environment, ensuring that true climate justice is achieved.
From the Forestry Law to Forest Fires: Evaluating Indonesia’s 2014 Forestry Law in Protecting Climate Vulnerable Communities
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of Indonesia’s 2014 Forestry Law (UU No. 41/1999) in protecting climate-vulnerable communities, with a particular focus on the links between forest management, land use policies, and climate change adaptation. Indonesia's forests are among the most biodiverse in the world, but are also critically threatened by illegal logging, land conversion, and destructive practices such as slash-and-burn, which contribute significantly to carbon emissions and exacerbate climate impacts. The 2014 revision of the Forestry Law aims to provide a regulatory framework for sustainable forest management, yet its ability to protect vulnerable communities, especially those dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods, remains contested. This study critically analyzes how the law addresses both environmental protection and the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities who face increased exposure to climate hazards, such as forest fires and flooding, due to deforestation and poor land-use practices. By examining the law’s implementation, the role of local governments, and the experiences of affected communities, this research assesses whether the law has succeeded in promoting sustainable forest management while ensuring that the most vulnerable populations are not further marginalized. Findings suggest that despite progress in forest governance, the law’s implementation often neglects community participation and fails to curb land use practices that contribute to climate vulnerability. The paper argues for an integrated approach that combines legal reforms with community-based initiatives to ensure that both forests and climate-vulnerable communities are better protected in Indonesia’s climate policy framework.
Climate Change and the Law: Assessing Indonesia’s 2009 Environmental Protection and Management Law in Promoting Climate Justice
This paper assesses the effectiveness of Indonesia’s 2009 Environmental Protection and Management Law (UU No. 32/2009) in promoting climate justice, with a focus on its capacity to address the interconnected challenges of environmental degradation, social equity, and climate change. As climate change accelerates, the need for robust legal frameworks to ensure both environmental sustainability and social justice has never been more urgent. The 2009 law, which outlines the legal basis for environmental protection and resource management, aims to balance development with environmental conservation and to ensure the rights of affected communities. This study critically analyzes the law’s provisions related to climate change adaptation, mitigation, and environmental justice, examining how effectively it promotes equity for marginalized communities, such as indigenous peoples, rural populations, and low-income groups, who are disproportionately impacted by environmental changes. Through policy analysis, legal review, and interviews with legal experts, activists, and affected communities, the research evaluates the implementation and impact of the law in the context of climate justice. Findings suggest that while the law provides important legal structures for environmental protection and climate adaptation, its effectiveness is undermined by gaps in enforcement, lack of political will, and insufficient integration of climate justice principles into local governance. The paper argues that for Indonesia to achieve meaningful climate justice, the 2009 law must be strengthened through more inclusive and equitable policy frameworks, enhanced public participation, and a more rigorous commitment to the rights of vulnerable populations.
Environmental Justice and Land Rights: Analyzing the Impact of the 1945 Constitution and the Law on Agrarian Reform in Climate Adaptation Policies
This paper analyzes the intersection of environmental justice, land rights, and climate adaptation policies in Indonesia, focusing on the impact of the 1945 Constitution and the Law on Agrarian Reform (UU No. 5/1960) in shaping land use and access amidst climate change challenges. As Indonesia faces escalating climate impacts such as flooding, droughts, and coastal erosion, land rights become a crucial element in both environmental justice and adaptation strategies. The 1945 Constitution, which enshrines land as a state asset with the potential for distribution to achieve social justice, and the Agrarian Reform Law, which aims to redistribute land for the benefit of landless peasants, are key legal frameworks that govern land use and ownership. This study examines how these legal instruments intersect with climate adaptation policies, particularly in the context of marginalized communities that are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and land dispossession. Using a combination of legal analysis, case studies, and interviews with affected communities, the research explores how land tenure systems, agrarian reform policies, and climate adaptation measures can be harmonized to promote both environmental sustainability and social equity. Findings indicate that while the 1945 Constitution and the Agrarian Reform Law offer potential tools for advancing land justice, their implementation often falls short, particularly in the face of growing pressures from development projects, deforestation, and corporate land grabs. The paper argues that integrating environmental justice into land rights policies is essential for effective climate adaptation, particularly for vulnerable populations who rely on secure land tenure for their livelihoods and resilience.
Youth for the Earth: The Role of Young Activists in Indonesia’s Climate Justice Movement
This paper explores the pivotal role of youth in Indonesia's climate justice movement, highlighting how young activists are driving transformative change in the fight against climate change. As one of the most climate-vulnerable nations in the world, Indonesia is witnessing a surge in youth-led climate activism, with young people increasingly taking a stand to address environmental degradation and social inequality. This study examines the ways in which young activists are challenging both environmental injustice and the inequitable impacts of climate change, particularly in marginalized communities. Drawing on case studies, interviews with youth leaders, and an analysis of youth-driven campaigns, the research highlights how young people are reshaping the climate justice discourse by advocating for policies that integrate environmental sustainability with social equity. The paper finds that youth movements in Indonesia are not only raising awareness about climate change but are also mobilizing grassroots actions, organizing protests, and influencing policy debates at local, national, and international levels. However, challenges such as limited access to decision-making processes, political resistance, and a lack of institutional support remain barriers to their full participation. The research argues that the youth-led climate justice movement is essential in shaping a more equitable and sustainable future, emphasizing the need for greater support for youth inclusion in climate policymaking. This study contributes to the broader conversation on climate justice by illustrating how young activists are central to advancing climate solutions that prioritize both ecological and social justice.
Assessing Climate Justice Within Indonesia’s Sustainable Development Framework
This paper assesses the integration of climate justice within Indonesia's sustainable development framework, focusing on how the country's development policies address both environmental sustainability and social equity in the face of climate change. Indonesia, as one of the world's most vulnerable countries to climate impacts, faces significant challenges in balancing rapid economic growth with the need to mitigate climate risks and ensure social justice. Climate justice, which emphasizes the disproportionate impacts of climate change on marginalized communities, requires that policy responses prioritize not only environmental sustainability but also the rights and well-being of vulnerable groups. This study critically examines Indonesia’s national development plans, climate policies, and climate adaptation strategies to assess how well they incorporate climate justice principles. Through a combination of policy analysis, interviews with key stakeholders, and case studies of climate-related projects, the research highlights the gaps and opportunities in Indonesia's approach to integrating social equity into its climate agenda. Findings suggest that while there is growing recognition of climate justice in the rhetoric of national policies, the practical application of these principles often falls short, particularly in addressing the needs of indigenous peoples, rural populations, and women. The paper argues that achieving true climate justice requires a more comprehensive approach that prioritizes both environmental and social dimensions of development, with greater focus on inclusivity, participation, and long-term resilience. This research contributes to the discourse on climate justice by offering insights into the challenges and opportunities for embedding justice-oriented policies within Indonesia’s sustainable development framework.
Climate Justice in an Age of Democratic Decline: Civic Space and Environmental Resistance
This paper explores the relationship between climate justice, civic space, and environmental resistance in the context of democratic decline, with a particular focus on Indonesia. As climate change intensifies, the struggle for environmental justice becomes increasingly intertwined with broader issues of political freedom, human rights, and democratic governance. In countries like Indonesia, where environmental degradation is often driven by extractive industries and unsustainable development, civic space for environmental activism is shrinking, especially as democratic institutions face growing challenges from authoritarian tendencies. This study examines how democratic backsliding affects the ability of civil society, activists, and marginalized communities to engage in climate justice movements and resist environmentally destructive policies. Through case studies, interviews with environmental activists, and analysis of political trends, the research reveals that the decline in democratic freedoms, such as restrictions on freedom of assembly, press, and speech, has led to the criminalization of environmental resistance and increased risks for those fighting for climate justice. The paper argues that climate justice must not only address environmental and social inequities but also actively protect democratic principles that allow for meaningful public participation and environmental advocacy. By examining the intersections of climate change, civic space, and democratic governance, this research offers a nuanced perspective on how environmental resistance can continue to thrive even in the face of political repression, and how climate justice movements must adapt to an era of democratic decline.
Climate Justice in the Tourism Industry: Coastal Impacts and Community Rights
This paper examines the intersection of climate justice and the tourism industry in coastal regions of Indonesia, focusing on how climate change impacts both the environment and the rights of local communities. Coastal areas, which are highly dependent on tourism for economic development, are increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and habitat loss. These environmental changes not only threaten the livelihoods of communities that rely on coastal resources but also exacerbate social inequalities, particularly for marginalized groups such as indigenous peoples and women. This study analyzes the role of the tourism industry in both contributing to and mitigating climate change, as well as its influence on local climate adaptation and resilience efforts. Through case studies, policy analysis, and interviews with stakeholders in affected coastal areas, the research explores how tourism-driven development has often neglected the rights and needs of local communities, while also overlooking the disproportionate impacts of climate change on vulnerable groups. Findings suggest that while there is growing awareness of the need for sustainable tourism practices, the industry often prioritizes economic gains over the protection of community rights and environmental integrity. The paper argues that a climate justice approach to tourism must prioritize community-led adaptation strategies, promote equitable distribution of benefits, and ensure that local populations are at the center of decision-making processes. This research contributes to the growing body of climate justice literature by offering insights into how the tourism industry can better align with the principles of environmental and social equity in the face of climate change.
From Global to Local: Translating Climate Justice Principles into National Policy
This paper investigates the challenges and opportunities of translating global climate justice principles into actionable national policies, with a particular focus on Indonesia. As the climate crisis intensifies, the need for policies that not only address environmental impacts but also promote social equity and justice has become increasingly urgent. Climate justice emphasizes the disproportionate burdens borne by vulnerable communities, including indigenous peoples, women, and low-income groups, and calls for fair and inclusive solutions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This study critically examines how Indonesia has incorporated climate justice principles into its national climate policies, such as its emissions reduction commitments, adaptation strategies, and disaster management frameworks. Using a combination of policy analysis, interviews with key stakeholders, and case studies of specific climate projects, the research highlights both the successes and limitations in embedding climate justice into national governance. Findings indicate that while Indonesia has made progress in acknowledging climate justice in its rhetoric and international commitments, the translation of these principles into local-level practices remains uneven, often limited by political, economic, and institutional barriers. The paper argues that effective climate policy must prioritize the voices of marginalized communities and integrate social justice alongside environmental sustainability to ensure equitable and inclusive climate action. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on climate justice by providing insights into how national policies can be reimagined to reflect both global principles and local realities.
Ecofeminism Amid Crisis: Centering Women in Indonesia’s Climate Justice Movement
This paper explores the role of ecofeminism in Indonesia’s climate justice movement, emphasizing the pivotal role of women in advocating for environmental sustainability and social equity amidst the escalating climate crisis. Ecofeminism, which connects environmental degradation with gender inequality, provides a lens through which to understand the disproportionate impacts of climate change on women, particularly in rural and marginalized communities. In Indonesia, women—especially those in agriculture, fishing, and indigenous communities—are on the frontlines of climate impacts, from extreme weather events to resource scarcity. This study examines the ways in which Indonesian women, both individually and through grassroots organizations, are driving climate justice initiatives that challenge both environmental exploitation and gender oppression. Through interviews, case studies, and an analysis of ecofeminist activism, the research highlights how women’s leadership in local climate adaptation, conservation, and policy advocacy is central to building a more just and resilient society. Findings suggest that ecofeminist perspectives are often sidelined in national climate discourse, with policies frequently neglecting the intersectional nature of climate vulnerability and the contributions of women in environmental leadership. This paper argues that a truly inclusive climate justice movement must center the voices and experiences of women, integrating ecofeminist principles into policy frameworks to address both ecological and gendered inequalities. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how ecofeminism can inform and strengthen climate justice movements in Indonesia, urging a rethinking of climate policy that elevates women’s roles in shaping a sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Who Shapes the Green Future? Public Inclusion in National Climate Projects
This paper explores the role of public inclusion in shaping national climate projects in Indonesia, focusing on the ways in which citizens, local communities, and civil society organizations influence climate policy and action. As the global climate crisis intensifies, the effectiveness of national climate initiatives increasingly depends on broad public engagement, especially in nations like Indonesia, where diverse populations face varying levels of climate vulnerability. This study examines the extent to which public participation is integrated into the planning, implementation, and evaluation of key national climate projects, such as renewable energy transitions, deforestation reduction programs, and climate adaptation strategies. Using a combination of policy analysis, interviews with policymakers, and surveys of affected communities, the paper assesses how inclusive these projects are, particularly in terms of involving marginalized groups such as indigenous peoples, women, and low-income communities. Findings suggest that while public inclusion is often emphasized in climate rhetoric, actual participation is limited, with top-down approaches dominating many national projects. The study highlights the risks of excluding local knowledge and community priorities, particularly in areas where climate impacts are most acute. This research contributes to the growing discourse on climate justice by illustrating the importance of inclusive decision-making in ensuring that climate policies are both equitable and effective. The paper calls for stronger mechanisms for public participation in national climate planning to ensure that the green future envisioned in climate policies is truly inclusive and reflective of diverse societal needs.
Local Climate Politics: The Role of Regional Governments in Advancing Ecological Justice
This paper investigates the role of regional governments in advancing ecological justice within the context of local climate politics in Indonesia. As climate change increasingly affects local ecosystems and communities, the responsibility of regional governments in crafting and implementing climate policies that promote ecological justice has become a critical area of concern. Regional governments, with their proximity to vulnerable populations and ecosystems, are uniquely positioned to drive climate action that addresses both environmental sustainability and social equity. This study explores the policies, strategies, and initiatives of several regional governments in Indonesia, focusing on how local governance structures address the dual challenges of environmental degradation and social inequality. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes policy analysis, case studies, and interviews with local policymakers, activists, and affected communities, the paper examines how regional governments balance economic development with environmental protection, while ensuring the participation of marginalized groups in decision-making processes. Findings suggest that while some regional governments have made significant strides in promoting sustainable practices, many face challenges such as limited resources, political pressure, and insufficient coordination with national climate policies. This research contributes to the growing field of local climate politics by highlighting the importance of ecological justice at the regional level and offering recommendations for strengthening the capacity of local governments to advance both climate resilience and social equity.
New Capital, New Threats? Climate Justice Perspectives on Indonesia’s Capital Relocation
This paper critically examines the climate justice implications of Indonesia’s decision to relocate its capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan, exploring the potential risks and benefits through the lens of climate vulnerability and environmental justice. Jakarta has long been grappling with climate-related challenges such as flooding, land subsidence, and rising sea levels, prompting the government to propose a new capital that would be more resilient to climate impacts. However, this relocation raises significant concerns about the environmental and social consequences for the new region, particularly with regard to land use, biodiversity loss, and the displacement of local communities. Using a climate justice framework, this study assesses the equitable distribution of both the benefits and burdens of the capital relocation, questioning whether the needs of vulnerable populations—such as indigenous peoples and rural communities—are adequately addressed. Through policy analysis, interviews with stakeholders, and an exploration of local environmental challenges, the paper explores how the relocation plan may inadvertently exacerbate socio-environmental inequalities. Findings suggest that while the new capital may alleviate some climate pressures in Jakarta, it also presents new threats to the indigenous communities and ecosystems in East Kalimantan, raising concerns about the sustainability and fairness of the relocation. The paper calls for a more inclusive and climate-resilient approach to urban planning that considers long-term environmental impacts and prioritizes the rights of marginalized communities in both Jakarta and East Kalimantan.
Climate Justice and the Right to Water: Resource Conflicts in Climate-Affected Areas
This paper explores the intersection of climate justice and the right to water, focusing on resource conflicts in climate-affected areas. As climate change exacerbates water scarcity, particularly in vulnerable regions, the competition for water resources intensifies, leading to social, political, and economic tensions. The concept of climate justice demands that those most affected by climate change—especially marginalized and vulnerable communities—are not disproportionately burdened in accessing essential resources like water. This study investigates how climate change-driven water scarcity has led to conflicts in several Indonesian regions, where agricultural communities, indigenous peoples, and urban populations vie for increasingly limited water supplies. Through a combination of case studies, legal analysis, and interviews with affected communities, the research highlights the human rights violations and inequities arising from resource conflicts, including displacement, gender disparities, and unequal access to water. Findings suggest that while water governance frameworks exist, they often fail to address the root causes of climate-induced water scarcity and the socio-economic inequalities that underlie resource disputes. The paper argues that a climate justice framework must be integrated into water management policies to ensure the equitable distribution of water resources and the protection of human rights. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on climate justice by shedding light on the link between climate change, resource conflicts, and the fundamental right to water, offering policy recommendations for more inclusive and sustainable water governance in the face of a changing climate.
Community-Based Adaptation: Local Practices for Inclusive Climate Resilience
This study explores community-based adaptation (CBA) strategies as local solutions to climate change, focusing on how grassroots practices contribute to inclusive climate resilience in vulnerable communities. As climate change intensifies, marginalized populations, particularly in rural and coastal areas, face disproportionate risks. CBA emphasizes the role of local knowledge, traditions, and active community participation in developing climate adaptation strategies that are context-specific and socially inclusive. This paper examines several case studies from Indonesia, where communities have implemented innovative adaptation practices, such as sustainable agriculture, natural resource management, and early warning systems, to cope with the impacts of climate disasters. Through a combination of fieldwork, interviews with local stakeholders, and analysis of adaptation projects, the research identifies key factors that enhance or hinder the effectiveness of these practices. Findings suggest that while community-based initiatives can be highly effective in addressing immediate climate risks, they often face challenges related to limited resources, policy support, and integration with national climate strategies. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of inclusivity, particularly for women, indigenous peoples, and other vulnerable groups, in ensuring that adaptation efforts are equitable and sustainable. This research contributes to the understanding of how local, bottom-up approaches can complement top-down climate policies and offers recommendations for fostering more inclusive, community-led climate resilience in the face of an uncertain climate future.
Climate Justice in Education: Are Indonesian Curricula Climate-Responsive?
This paper examines the extent to which Indonesian educational curricula address climate justice, assessing whether they adequately equip students with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary to respond to the climate crisis. As global climate change accelerates, education plays a crucial role in fostering climate resilience and social equity. The concept of climate justice emphasizes the need to consider the social and economic disparities exacerbated by climate change, ensuring that vulnerable populations are not left behind in mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study analyzes the Indonesian curriculum across various educational levels, investigating the inclusion of climate change topics, environmental sustainability, and justice-oriented education. Through content analysis and interviews with educators, policymakers, and students, the research highlights the gaps and opportunities in the current curriculum. Findings indicate that while climate change is mentioned in certain subjects, there is a lack of depth in addressing its links to social inequality, indigenous knowledge, and intergenerational responsibility. Furthermore, the study finds that while some schools incorporate local ecological challenges into their teaching, climate justice as a transformative framework is largely absent. The contribution of this research lies in identifying the critical need for a more climate-responsive curriculum that integrates both environmental and social dimensions of climate justice. This paper argues for a shift toward an education system that not only raises awareness about climate change but also empowers students to engage in climate action and advocate for equitable, inclusive solutions.
From Palm Oil to Green Energy: Human Rights and Ecological Dilemmas in Energy Transitions
This paper explores the human rights and ecological dilemmas surrounding Indonesia's energy transition, focusing on the shift from palm oil production to green energy solutions. As the world increasingly turns to renewable energy, Indonesia has positioned itself as a key player in both the palm oil industry and the biofuel sector. However, the expansion of palm oil plantations to meet the growing demand for biodiesel has raised significant concerns regarding land rights, deforestation, and the displacement of local communities. By analyzing the complex interplay between economic growth, human rights, and environmental sustainability, this research highlights the unintended consequences of relying on biofuels as a "green" alternative. Through a combination of policy analysis, case studies, and interviews with affected communities, the study reveals that the transition to green energy is often accompanied by increased land conflicts, exploitation of indigenous populations, and accelerated ecological degradation. The paper also critically examines the role of multinational corporations and government policies in shaping the trajectory of Indonesia's energy transition, questioning whether current practices truly promote sustainable development or merely shift the environmental and social burdens from one sector to another. This research contributes to the broader debate on energy transitions, offering insights into how seemingly sustainable solutions may perpetuate existing human rights and ecological challenges. The study calls for a more holistic approach to energy policy, one that balances economic, ecological, and social considerations to ensure a just and truly sustainable future.
Intergenerational Justice in Indonesian Climate Policy: Rhetoric or Real Action?
This study examines the concept of intergenerational justice in Indonesian climate policy, assessing whether the nation’s climate strategies reflect genuine commitments to future generations or if they are largely rhetorical. As climate change presents long-term challenges, intergenerational equity has become a central theme in global climate discourse, demanding that today’s actions consider the welfare of future populations. Despite growing awareness, Indonesia's climate policies have faced criticism for their insufficient implementation and inadequate focus on future generations, particularly in the context of rapid development, deforestation, and carbon emissions. This paper combines policy analysis, discourse analysis, and case studies of key climate policies to assess the extent to which intergenerational justice is embedded in national frameworks. Findings indicate that while there is rhetoric surrounding intergenerational fairness, concrete actions such as sustainable development policies, long-term emissions reduction plans, and environmental conservation efforts remain insufficiently prioritized. The study further explores how short-term economic interests, political instability, and governance challenges have hindered the adoption of truly future-oriented policies. The contribution of this research lies in critically evaluating the gap between the discourse of intergenerational justice and the practical, often short-sighted actions taken by the Indonesian government. This paper calls for a stronger commitment to intergenerational equity through enhanced policy integration and governance reform, emphasizing that without systemic change, Indonesia's climate response will not safeguard the well-being of future generations.
Climate Risk, Poverty Trap: Linking Climate Disasters and Inequality in Indonesia
This paper investigates the relationship between climate risks and poverty traps in Indonesia, focusing on how climate-induced disasters exacerbate existing inequalities and contribute to a vicious cycle of poverty. As climate change leads to more frequent and severe environmental shocks, the most vulnerable populations—particularly those in rural and coastal regions—face disproportionate socio-economic impacts. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this study analyzes quantitative data on disaster frequency, poverty levels, and economic vulnerability, while incorporating qualitative insights from interviews with affected communities. The findings reveal that climate disasters significantly increase the economic burden on already impoverished groups, undermining their livelihoods, limiting access to resources, and obstructing upward mobility. Moreover, these events heighten inequality by disproportionately affecting those without the means to recover, thus reinforcing the poverty trap. The paper also examines the role of insufficient policy responses, lack of infrastructure resilience, and the limited capacity of local governments in addressing the long-term socio-economic impacts of climate change. This research contributes to the understanding of how climate change interacts with existing socio-economic disparities in Indonesia, offering a new perspective on the poverty-disaster nexus. The urgency of these findings emphasizes the need for adaptive policies that integrate both climate resilience and social protection measures to break the cycle of vulnerability. This study is crucial for informing climate policy, development strategies, and disaster management frameworks aimed at mitigating the compounded effects of climate change and inequality.